Environmental Data Report, 2023 and 2024
Massachusetts Port Authority · from Massport · 702 pages · 59.6 MB
open the file ↗ · original at the source ↗
2023/2024 EDR E N V I R O N M E N TA L D ATA R E P O R T B O S T O N L O G A N I N T E R N AT I O N A L A I R P O R T SUBMITTED TO Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, MEPA Office SUBMITTED BY Massachusetts Port Authority Office of Climate Innovation and Resilience PREPARED BY IN ASSOCIATION WITH Harris Miller Miller & Hanson Crawford, Murphy & Tilly ICF Inter VISTAS Consulting O c t o b e r 2 0 2 5 E E A # 3 247 October 15th, 2025 The Honorable Rebecca Tepper, Secretary Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Attn: MEPA Analyst, EEA 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 900 Boston, Massachusetts 02114 Re: Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 Environmental Data Report - EEA #3247 Dear Secretary Tepper and Director Kim: On behalf of the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport or the Authority), we are pleased to submit this 2023/2024 Environmental Data Report (2023/2024 EDR) for Boston Logan International Airport (Logan Airport or the Airport). For over four decades, Massport’s Environmental Data Report (EDR) filings have continued to provide an extensive record of Logan Airport’s environmental trends, facility planning, operations, passenger use, and project mitigation commitments. This EDR focuses on the Airport’s operational and environmental conditions over the 2023 and 2024 reporting years in the context of relevant recent and historical trends. EDRs report on Airport conditions annually for the years between the Environmental Status and Planning Reports (ESPRs), which Massport files every five years. The ESPR and EDR series are critical for providing current and historical context for evaluating individual projects at Logan Airport that meet state environmental review thresholds, as well as for understanding the cumulative environmental effects of the Airport’s operations and activities. The Logan Airport EDRs and ESPRs are unique within the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) process. Unlike other filings within the typical MEPA framework, EDRs and ESPRs are distinctly not “Projects”. These documents do not replace any individual project filings subject to MEPA, nor do they serve as an authorization for any specific activity. Key Findings from the 2023/2024 EDR In 2023 and 2024, passenger activity and aircraft operations increased at Logan Airport, and in 2024, air passengers exceeded pre-pandemic levels by 2 percent. Logan Airport continues to be an integral part of the regional transportation system, accommodating over 70 percent of New England air passengers, while supporting connectivity with other regional airports, rail and port facilities, and ground transportation networks. Passenger activity and aircraft operations are discussed in Chapter 3, Activity Levels , while Logan Airport’s interrelationship with regional transportation networks is addressed in Chapter 5, Regional Transportation . As passenger activity at Logan Airport increases, Massport has initiated and progressed several projects to meet the needs of the growing market, upgrade aging infrastructure, improve Airport safety and efficiency, and reduce environmental effects. The status of these new, on-going, and recently completed programs and projects from 2023 and 2024 is provided in Chapter 4, Airport Planning , while Chapter 10, Project Mitigation, details MEPA mitigation commitments associated with applicable projects. Massport is committed to reducing the Airport’s air quality impacts, and reports air quality metrics with the status of air quality improvement initiatives in Chapter 8, Air Quality . In 2023 and 2024, Massport continued emissions reducing initiatives like promoting high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) use; expanding its electric vehicle (EV) fleet; investing in electric charging infrastructure; and supporting tenants, ground transportation services, and fixed base operators (FBOs) with converting fossil fuel burning equipment and vehicles to electricity powered models, including electric ground service equipment (eGSE). To further address Airport-wide emissions from idling vehicles, Massport is conducting additional studies of vehicle dwell time at curbside areas Secretary Rebecca Tepper Page 2 October 15, 2025 for each terminal. Data collection resumed in 2025 and will continue over the coming years to collect data at each terminal curbside. In addition to air quality improvements, Massport has also continued to advance programs to abate and mitigate aviation noise, including successfully restarting its Residential Sound Insulation Program (RSIP) in 2023 to mitigate aircraft noise effects by installing sound insulation in eligible homes near Logan Airport. The goals and timeline of the RSIP are detailed in Chapter 7, Noise , but the RSIP’s implementation progressed through 2024, and construction on a pilot group of homes began in 2025. Massport also demonstrated a commitment to environmental sustainability and climate resiliency in 2023 and 2024 through Airport-wide, proactive initiatives and programs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mitigate climate risks, and achieve Net Zero emissions from activities under Massport’s control by 2031, as outlined in Massport’s Roadmap to Net Zero by 2031 (Roadmap to Net Zero). As an active participant in advancing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) development and use, Massport continued its support and involvement with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) Zero Impact Aviation Alliance (ZIAA) and the Massachusetts SAF Working Group. Massport also supports other air emissions-related research in collaboration with local universities, and considers mitigation measures in response to these research findings in collaboration with MEPA’s Logan Airport Work Group. Massport continuously evaluates ground transportation access strategies and implements measures to reduce vehicle congestion, emissions, and community impacts, and the outcomes of these efforts for 2023 and 2024 are reported in Chapter 6, Ground Access . Logan Airport continues to be a leading U.S. airport in promoting HOV usage. Based on the 2024 Logan Air Passenger Ground Access Survey results, HOV mode share has reached 43 percent. Massport promotes HOV use through improving Logan Express service and station facilities, offsetting operating costs for SL1 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Silver Line buses, and implementing its Ride App Management Plan. In 2023 and 2024, Massport continued to implement strategies set forth in the Long-term Parking Management Plan , which guides on-Airport parking strategies and policies to promote long-term parking over short-term, by progressing planning and design on two new on- Airport parking areas. In response to the Secretary’s Certificate on the 2022 ESPR , public comment letters, and Massport’s on-going engagement with stakeholders and MEPA, Massport has created a new chapter for the 2023/2024 EDR to distinguish Massport’s outreach and environmental justice (EJ) efforts from its on-going sustainability, resiliency, and Net Zero programs. In this EDR, the 2022 ESPR content previously contained in Chapter 2, Outreach, Environmental Justice, and Sustainability was reorganized into two distinct chapters: Chapter 2, Outreach and Environmental Justice, and Chapter 11, Sustainability and Climate Resilience. EDR Content and Structure The 2023/2024 EDR responds to the Secretary’s Certificate on the Boston Logan International Airport 2022 ESPR dated October 18 th , 2024. The EDR provides updates from 2023 and 2024 for the following topics: • Passenger activity levels, aircraft operations, aircraft fleet composition, and cargo volumes; • Planning, design, and construction activities and the status of project mitigation commitments at the Airport; • Community outreach and environmental justice considerations; • Regional transportation statistics and initiatives; • Key environmental indicators (Ground Access, Noise, Air Quality, Water Quality, and Environmental Compliance Management); and • Logan Airport’s sustainability, climate resilience, and Net Zero initiatives. Secretary Rebecca Tepper Page 3 October 15, 2025 The 2023/2024 EDR includes the Secretary’s Certificate on the Boston Logan International Airport 2022 ESPR and associated comment letters. Certificates received on projects with existing Section 61 commitments are also included in the EDR and discussed in Chapter 10, Project Mitigation . Appendix D, Distribution presents the EDR distribution list, and supporting technical appendices are available electronically. In response to comments on the 2022 ESPR , we have reevaluated chapter content to streamline narratives, reduce document length, clarify language, and improve overall usability for readers. Each EDR chapter includes standardized headings and subheadings, and the content focuses on comparisons between 2023 and 2024, 2022 as the prior reporting year, and topic-specific benchmark years, which serve as reference points for assessing progress. The EDR includes features from the 2022 ESPR , like the glossary, color-coded chapters for improved navigation, and bookmarking within electronic versions. Massport also created a new User's Guide to complement this EDR and future EDRs and ESPRs, which offers detailed context into the regulatory framework, methodologies, models, and analyses referenced in the main technical chapters. The User’s Guide consolidates the background information for interpreting chapter findings, previously integrated within EDR chapters and appendices, into a single, easy to use repository for reference when reading the EDRs and ESPRs. The User’s Guide will be updated during ESPR years to maintain accuracy and relevance. Hyperlinks in the EDR navigate readers to relevant User's Guide sections for additional context. In preparation for the 2023/2024 EDR filing, Massport created a dedicated webpage for EDR and ESPR publications, offering weblinks to chapters, meeting notices, materials from previous meetings and publications, and regularly updated data sources. Historical data is still accessible on the environmental filings' website. Review Period, Distribution, and Consultation As we have done in the past for multi-year documents, Massport has requested EEA’s consideration of an extended public comment period for this ESPR. Based on this request, the public comment period will begin on October 22, 2025 the publication date of the next MEPA Environmental Monitor , and will end on January 6 , 202 6 . The distribution list in Appendix D indicates which listed parties will receive a digital or printed copy of this EDR or notice of availability. This EDR is presented in its entirety on Massport’s website (https://www.massport.com/environment/boston-logan-edr-espr-data-portal). The Executive Summary is translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Haitian Creole, and Simplified Chinese, and is available in other languages upon request by contacting Brad Washburn at (617) 568-3546 or bwashburn@massport.com. A public consultation session on the 2023/2024 EDR will be held during the public comment period with meeting details posted in the Environmental Monitor and on Massport’s website . Additional copies of the 2023/2024 EDR may be obtained by calling (617) 568-3546 or emailing bwashburn@massport.com during the public comment period. We look forward to your review of this EDR and consultation with the MEPA Office and other reviewers. Please do not hesitate to contact me at bwashburn@massport.com if you have any questions. Sincerely, Massachusetts Port Authority Brad Washburn Deputy Chief Climate and Resilience Officer cc. J. Horwood, C. Busch, F. Leo, A. Coppola, C. McDonald/Massport I Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Table of Contents Cover Letter Table of Contents................................................................................................................................................................ I Chapters ............................................................................................................................................................................................ I Appendices .................................................................................................................................................................................. VII Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................................ VIII Table of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................................. X Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................................... XIII Key Terminology ............................................................................................................................................................ XXI Chapters 1. Introduction and Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Logan Airport Context ...............................................................................................................................................1-1 1.1.1 Activity Levels ...............................................................................................................................................1-4 1.1.2 Massport’s Investment in Logan Airport ...........................................................................................1-4 1.2 ESPR and EDR Purpose..............................................................................................................................................1-5 1.2.1 Project-Specific Reviews...........................................................................................................................1- 5 1.2.2 Document Layout and Format ...............................................................................................................1-6 1.3 2023 and 2024 Key Findings ...................................................................................................................................1-8 1.3.1 Outreach and Environmental Justice...................................................................................................1-8 1.3.2 Activity Levels ...............................................................................................................................................1-9 1.3.3 Airport Planning ..........................................................................................................................................1-9 1.3.4 Regional Transportation........................................................................................................................ 1-10 1.3.5 Ground Access to and From Logan Airport................................................................................... 1-11 1.3.6 Noise ............................................................................................................................................................. 1-12 1.3.7 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions................................................................................... 1-12 1.3.8 Water Quality............................................................................................................................................. 1-13 1.3.9 Project Mitigation .................................................................................................................................... 1-14 1.3.10 Sustainability and Climate Resilience ............................................................................................... 1-15 2. Outreach and Environmental Justice ................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Massport Community Engagement .....................................................................................................................2-2 2.2 Community and Environmental Justice Outreach ..........................................................................................2-4 2.2.1 Regulatory Framework ..............................................................................................................................2-4 II Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2.2.2 Massport’s History of Community Outreach ...................................................................................2-4 2.2.3 Project-Specific Massport Public Involvement Practices.............................................................2-5 2.2.4 ESPR Public Involvement Practices and Outreach .........................................................................2-5 2.3 Environmental Justice Populations .......................................................................................................................2-7 2.4 Public Health Existing Conditions Review ..........................................................................................................2-9 2.4.1 Public Health Regulatory Context ..................................................................................................... 2-10 2.4.2 Existing Community Conditions Review Methodology ............................................................ 2-11 2.4.3 MassDEP CIA Existing Community Conditions Review ............................................................. 2-12 2.4.4 Existing Community Conditions Review Conclusions................................................................ 2-13 3. Activity Levels .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Passenger, Aircraft Operations, and Cargo Activity Levels .........................................................................3-2 3.1.1 Air Passenger Service, Markets, and Activity ...................................................................................3-2 3.1.2 Aircraft Operations .................................................................................................................................. 3-11 3.1.3 General Aviation Operations ............................................................................................................... 3-17 3.1.4 Cargo Operations and Volume........................................................................................................... 3-19 3.1.5 Comparison to the 2022 ESPR Forecast.......................................................................................... 3-20 3.2 Service Developments at Logan Airport.......................................................................................................... 3-21 3.2.1 Domestic Passenger Service ................................................................................................................ 3-22 3.2.2 International Passenger Service ......................................................................................................... 3-27 4. Airport Planning ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Ground Access Planning ...........................................................................................................................................4-6 4.1.1 Terminal E Garage ......................................................................................................................................4-6 4.1.2 Airport-wide Ride App Infrastructure Improvements and Policy ............................................ 4-7 4.1.3 Danvers Logan Express .............................................................................................................................4-7 4.1.4 Braintree Logan Express Garage ...........................................................................................................4-8 4.1.5 Framingham Logan Express ....................................................................................................................4-8 4.1.6 Terminal B Garage Rehabilitation .........................................................................................................4-9 4.2 Terminal Area Planning .............................................................................................................................................4-9 4.2.1 Terminal C Canopy, Connector, and Roadway Projects ........................................................... 4-10 4.2.2 Terminal E Modernization .................................................................................................................... 4-10 4.2.3 Air Traffic Control Tower Improvements ........................................................................................ 4-11 4.2.4 Terminal C Improvements Program ................................................................................................. 4-11 4.2.5 Terminal A to B Airside Connector.................................................................................................... 4-12 4.2.6 Central Heating Plant Upgrade .......................................................................................................... 4-12 4.3 Airside Planning ........................................................................................................................................................ 4-13 4.3.1 Runway 15R-33L Rehabilitation Project .......................................................................................... 4-13 4.3.2 Taxiway B North Rehabilitation .......................................................................................................... 4-13 4.3.3 Runway 27 End RSA Improvement Project .................................................................................... 4-14 III Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 4.3.4 Runway 4R-22L LED Lighting Upgrade and Circuitry Replacement .................................... 4-14 4.3.5 Taxiway B East and South Rehabilitation........................................................................................ 4-15 4.3.6 Taxiway M North Rehabilitation and Geometry Improvements ........................................... 4-15 4.3.7 Taxiway N Rehabilitation....................................................................................................................... 4-15 4.3.8 Airside Energy Optimization Program ............................................................................................. 4-16 4.4 Service Area Planning ............................................................................................................................................. 4-16 4.4.1 Additional Jet Fuel Tank ........................................................................................................................ 4-16 4.4.2 North Service Area Optimization....................................................................................................... 4-17 4.4.3 Prescott Street Public Safety Building ............................................................................................. 4-17 4.4.4 North Cargo Through-put Facility..................................................................................................... 4-18 5. Regional Transportation........................................................................................................................................ 5-1 5.1 New England Regional Airports.............................................................................................................................5- 4 5.2 Regional Economic Growth’s Relationship to Logan Airport .....................................................................5- 4 5.2.1 2023 Regional Economic Characteristics ...........................................................................................5- 5 5.2.2 2024 Regional Economic Characteristics ...........................................................................................5- 5 5.3 New England Regional Trends ...............................................................................................................................5- 7 5.3.1 2023 Regional Air Passenger Activity Trends ..................................................................................5- 7 5.3.2 2024 Regional Air Passenger Activity Trends ..................................................................................5- 8 5.3.3 Regional Airports’ Aircraft Operations Trends ............................................................................. ... 5- 9 5.3.4 Regional Airports’ Airline Passenger Services .............................................................................. 5-1 1 5.3.5 Rail ................................................................................................................................................................. 5-1 5 6. Ground Access ......................................................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Ground Transportation Access Modes................................................................................................................6-3 6.1.1 Ground Access Modes Overview .......................................................................................................... 6-3 6.1.2 Transit: Logan Express, Blue Line, Silver Line, and Water Transportation Modes ............. 6-4 6.1.3 Other HOV Shared-Ride Modes ........................................................................................................ 6-12 6.1.4 Automobile Modes ................................................................................................................................. 6-13 6.2 On-Airport Vehicle Activity ................................................................................................................................... 6-16 6.2.1 Gateway Vehicle Volumes .................................................................................................................... 6-16 6.2.2 On-Airport VMT........................................................................................................................................ 6-19 6.3 Parking Conditions ................................................................................................................................................... 6-20 6.3.1 Daily Parking Occupancy ...................................................................................................................... 6-21 6.3.2 Parking Exits by Duration...................................................................................................................... 6-23 6.4 Ground Access Initiatives ...................................................................................................................................... 6-24 6.4.1 Ride App Management Program....................................................................................................... 6-25 6.4.2 Parking Programs and Initiatives ....................................................................................................... 6-26 6.4.3 Long-Term Parking Management Plan ........................................................................................... 6-27 6.4.4 Employee Ground Transportation Initiatives ................................................................................ 6-29 IV Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 6.5 Logan Airport 2024 Air Passenger Ground Access Survey....................................................................... 6-30 6.5.1 Ground Access Mode Share ................................................................................................................ 6-31 6.5.2 Average Vehicle Occupancy (Air Passengers) by Ground Access Vehicle Modes ......... 6-32 7. Noise .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Noise Regulatory Framework and Metrics ........................................................................................................7-2 7.1.1 Regulatory Framework ..............................................................................................................................7-2 7.1.2 Noise Metrics ................................................................................................................................................7-3 7.2 Noise Model Inputs ....................................................................................................................................................7-4 7.2.1 Fleet Mix and Operations Data..............................................................................................................7-5 7.2.2 Runway Use ...................................................................................................................................................7-8 7.2.3 Flight Tracks ............................................................................................................................................... 7-10 7.3 Noise Environment................................................................................................................................................... 7-12 7.3.1 DNL Contours ............................................................................................................................................ 7-12 7.3.2 Population within Noise Contours .................................................................................................... 7- 16 7.3.3 Noise Measurement Data ..................................................................................................................... 7-18 7.3.4 Comparing Measured and Modeled Noise Levels ..................................................................... 7-21 7.4 Noise Abatement Management Plan ............................................................................................................... 7-23 7.4.1 RNAV Procedures..................................................................................................................................... 7-25 7.4.2 Residential Sound Insulation Program (RSIP) ............................................................................... 7-26 7.4.3 Massport Noise Complaint Line ......................................................................................................... 7-27 7.4.4 Other Noise Initiatives ........................................................................................................................... 7-29 8. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ..................................................................................................... 8-1 8.1 Regulatory Framework ..............................................................................................................................................8-5 8.2 Assessment Methodology .......................................................................................................................................8-5 8.2.1 Sources and Pollutants .............................................................................................................................8-5 8.2.2 Models and Databases .............................................................................................................................8-7 8.2.3 Emissions Inventory Model Updates ...................................................................................................8-7 8.3 Criteria Air and Precursor Pollutants Emission Inventory Results ......................................................... 8-12 8.3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)............................................................................................... 8-12 8.3.2 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) ..................................................................................................................... 8-17 8.3.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO).......................................................................................................................... 8-22 8.3.4 Particulate Matter (PM) ......................................................................................................................... 8-26 8.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Results ............................................................................................... 8-31 8.4.1 GHG Emissions .......................................................................................................................................... 8-31 8.5 Air Quality and GHG Emission Reduction Efforts......................................................................................... 8-35 8.5.1 Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFV) Program and GSE Conversion.............................................. 8-36 8.5.2 Air Quality and GHG Management Plan ......................................................................................... 8-37 V Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 8.6 Air Quality Studies and Topics ............................................................................................................................ 8-42 8.6.1 Recent Studies on Impacts of Aviation Emissions on Air Quality ......................................... 8-42 8.6.2 Engagement in Aviation-Related Environmental Issues ........................................................... 8-44 9. Water Quality ........................................................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Water Quality and Stormwater Management Overview ..............................................................................9-2 9.1.1 NPDES Permits at Logan Airport ..........................................................................................................9-2 9.2 Stormwater NPDES Permit Compliance .............................................................................................................9-3 9.2.1 Stormwater NPDES Permitted Outfalls ..............................................................................................9-5 9.2.2 NPDES SWPPP Compliance Requirements .......................................................................................9-6 9.2.3 NPDES Monitoring Requirements and Results ...............................................................................9-8 9.2.4 Deicing Monitoring ................................................................................................................................. 9-10 9.2.5 Stormwater and Sanitary Sewer System Inspections and Repairs........................................ 9-11 9.2.6 Bacteria Source Tracking....................................................................................................................... 9-12 9.3 Snow Disposal and Runoff Management ....................................................................................................... 9-13 9.4 Fire Training Facility NPDES Surface Water Discharge Permit Compliance ...................................... 9-13 9.4.1 NPDES Regulated Discharge Monitoring Requirements ......................................................... 9-13 9.5 Fuel Use and Spills ................................................................................................................................................... 9-15 9.5.1 Fuel Use and Spills Compliance Requirements ............................................................................ 9-15 9.5.2 Site Assessment and Remediation Compliance........................................................................... 9-16 10. Project Mitigation ................................................................................................................................................. 10-1 10.1 Projects with Section 61 Commitments........................................................................................................... 10-2 10.2 Terminal E Modernization – EEA #15434 ........................................................................................................ 10-4 10.2.1 Permitting History.................................................................................................................................... 10-4 10.2.2 Project Status ............................................................................................................................................. 10-4 10.3 Logan Airport Parking Project – EEA #15665 ..............................................................................................10-11 10.3.1 Permitting History..................................................................................................................................10-12 10.3.2 Project Status ...........................................................................................................................................10-12 10.4 Runway 27 End Runway Safety Area (RSA) Improvements Project – EEA #16433 .......................10-18 10.4.1 Permitting History..................................................................................................................................10-19 10.4.2 Project Status ...........................................................................................................................................10-19 11. Sustainability and Climate Resilience ............................................................................................................... 11-1 11.1 Sustainability .............................................................................................................................................................. 11-3 11.1.1 Annual Sustainability Reporting......................................................................................................... 11-3 11.1.2 Sustainability Initiatives ......................................................................................................................... 11-3 11.2 Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions..............................................................................................................11-12 11.2.1 Introducing the Office of Climate Innovation and Resilience .............................................. 11-12 VI Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 11.2.2 Progress to Net Zero ............................................................................................................................11-12 11.2.3 Net Zero Emissions Initiatives ...........................................................................................................11-13 11.3 Climate Resilience...................................................................................................................................................11-18 11.3.1 RMAT Existing Data Review ...............................................................................................................11-19 11.3.2 Approach to Climate Resilience .......................................................................................................11-22 11.3.3 Flooding.....................................................................................................................................................11-22 11.3.4 Climate Resilience Initiatives .............................................................................................................11-24 VII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Appendices The following MEPA appendices are contained within this document: Appendix A MEPA Certificates and Responses to Comments Appendix B Comment Letters and Responses to Comments Appendix C Proposed Scope for the 2025 EDR Appendix D Distribution The following appendices include supporting documentation for above listed chapters and are available on Massport’s website (https://www.massport.com/environment/boston-logan-edr-espr-data-portal): Appendix E EJ Supporting Documentation Appendix F Activity Levels Supporting Documentation Appendix G Regional Transportation Supporting Documentation Appendix H Ground Access Supporting Documentation Appendix I Noise Supporting Documentation Appendix J Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Supporting Documentation Appendix K Water Quality Supporting Documentation VIII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Table of Figures Figure 1-1 Logan Airport Context – Aerial View .......................................................................................................1-2 Figure 1-2 Logan Airport Context – Topographic View .........................................................................................1-3 Figure 2-1 EJ Populations within 1 and 5 Miles of Logan Airport .....................................................................2-8 Figure 3-1 Domestic, International, and GA Passenger Market Share Distribution, 2019, 2022-2024 ..........................................................................................................................................................3-5 Figure 3-2 Distribution of Logan Airport Passengers by Market Segment, 2023-2024............................3-6 Figure 3-3 Logan Airport International Market Segment Passenger Distribution, 2019, 2022-2024 ..............................................................................................................................................3-7 Figure 3-4 Share of Annual Passengers Served by Logan Airport’s Major Airlines, 2019, 2022-2024 ..............................................................................................................................................3-9 Figure 3-5 Logan Airport Passenger, GA, and Cargo Aircraft Operations, 1998, 2022-2024 .............. 3-10 Figure 3-6 Logan Airport Annual Passenger Levels and Aircraft Operations, 1990-2024 .................... 3-11 Figure 3-7 Average Size of Scheduled Passenger Aircraft (Number of Seats per Flight) Operations at Logan Airport by Aircraft Body Type, 1998, 2019, 2022-2024 ...................... 3-14 Figure 3-8 Passengers per Aircraft Operation and Aircraft Load Factors, 1998, 2019, 2022-2024 ... 3-16 Figure 3-9 Aircraft Operations at Logan Airport by Aircraft Class, 1998, 2022-2024 ............................. 3-18 Figure 3-10 Share of Logan Airport Cargo Volume by Cargo Carrier, 2022-2024 ..................................... 3-19 Figure 3-11 Passenger and Operation Activity Levels Comparison to 2022 ESPR Future Planning Horizon, 2019, 2022-2024 ........................................................................................................................ 3-21 Figure 3-12 Domestic Non-Stop Large Jet Markets Served from Logan Airport........................................ 3-23 Figure 3-13 Domestic Non-Stop Regional Jet and Non-Jet Markets Served from Logan Airport....... 3-25 Figure 3-14 Logan Airport International Market Segment Operations Distribution, 2000, 2022 2024........................................................................................................................................................ 3-28 Figure 3-15 International Non-Stop Markets Served from Logan Airport .................................................... 3-29 Figure 4-1 Location of Airport Projects and Planning Concepts ........................................................................4-5 Figure 4-2 Location of Ground Access Projects/Planning Concepts ................................................................4-6 Figure 4-3 Location of Terminal Area Projects/Planning Concepts ............................................................... 4-10 Figure 4-4 Location of Airside Projects/Planning Concepts.............................................................................. 4-13 Figure 4-5 Location of Service Are Projects/Planning Concepts ..................................................................... 4-16 Figure 5-1 New England Regional Transportation System...................................................................................5- 3 Figure 5-2 Unemployment Rate Comparison: U.S., Massachusetts, and Boston Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), 2010-2024 ............................................................................................................5- 6 Figure 5-3 Passenger Activity at Logan Airport and New England Regional Airports, 2000, 2019, 2022-2024 ..............................................................................................................................................5- 8 Figure 6-1 Ground Access Mode Choice Hierarchy ................................................................................................6-4 Figure 6-2 Logan Express Bus Locations and Routes .............................................................................................6-7 Figure 6-3 Public Transportation Options ................................................................................................................ 6-11 Figure 6-4 Annual Rental Car Transactions at Logan Airport, 2019, 2022–2024 ...................................... 6-14 IX Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Figure 6-5 Annual Taxi Dispatches and Ride App Transactions at Logan Airport, 2019, 2022-2024 ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-15 Figure 6-6 Logan Airport Roadways ........................................................................................................................... 6-17 Figure 6-7 Commercial Parking: Weekly Peak Daily Occupancy, 2023......................................................... 6-22 Figure 6-8 Commercial Parking: Weekly Peak Daily Occupancy, 2024......................................................... 6-23 Figure 6-9 Annual Parking Exits by Length of Stay (Parking Duration), 2019, 2022–2024 ................... 6-24 Figure 7-1 Noise Analysis Methodology......................................................................................................................7-4 Figure 7-2 Modeled Average Daily and Nightly Operations, 1998, 2022-2024 ...........................................7-5 Figure 7-3 Commercial Jet Operations by 14 CFR Part 36 Stage Category, 1998, 2022-2024...............7-6 Figure 7-4 Logan Airport Average Hourly Operations, 2022-2024 ...................................................................7-8 Figure 7-5 Logan Airport Runways ................................................................................................................................7-9 Figure 7-6 Jet Aircraft Runway Use at Each Runway End, 1998, 2022-2024............................................... 7-10 Figure 7-7 2023 and 2024 Arrivals and Departures Flight Tracks ................................................................... 7-11 Figure 7-8 60-75 DNL Contours for 2023 Operations Using AEDT 3g ......................................................... 7-13 Figure 7-9 60-75 DNL Contours for 2024 Operations Using AEDT 3g ......................................................... 7-14 Figure 7-10 Comparison Between 1998 and 2022-2024 DNL 65dB Contours ............................................ 7-15 Figure 7-11 Reason for Changes in Number of People Exposed to Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL) Values Greater than or Equal to 65 dB, 2022-2024 ............................................... 7-17 Figure 7-12 Noise Monitor Locations ........................................................................................................................... 7-20 Figure 8-1 Modeled Emissions of VOCs at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024............................................. 8-13 Figure 8-2 Modeled Emissions of NOX at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 ............................................... 8-18 Figure 8-3 Modeled Emissions of CO at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 ................................................. 8-22 Figure 8-4 Modeled Emissions of PM10/PM2.5 at Logan Airport, 2005, 2022-2024 .................................. 8-27 Figure 8-5 Figure 8-5 Sources of GHG Emissions by Scopes, 2022-2024 ................................................... 8-32 Figure 9-1 Logan Airport Outfalls ...................................................................................................................................9-4 Figure 9-2 Massachusetts Contingency Plan Sites (Active) ............................................................................... 9-18 Figure 10-1 Terminal E Modernization EEA #15434 ............................................................................................... 10-4 Figure 10-2 Logan Airport Parking Project EEA #15665 .....................................................................................10-11 Figure 10-3 Runway 27 End Runway Safety Area Improvements Project EEA #16433...........................10-18 Figure 11-1 Airport Edge Buffer Projects and Open Space ................................................................................. 11-6 X Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Table of Tables Table 2-1 2023 and 2024 Massport Community Giving and Engagement Summary..............................2-2 Table 2-2 Massport Enhanced Language Access....................................................................................................2-6 Table 2-3 Related Public Health Data ...................................................................................................................... 2-11 Table 3-1 Air Passengers and Aircraft Operations, 1998, 2000, 2019, 2022-2024 ....................................3-2 Table 3-2 Air Passengers by Market Segment, 2019, 2022-2024 ....................................................................3-4 Table 3-3 Logan Airport Aircraft Operations by Type, 1998, 2022-2024 ................................................... 3-12 Table 3-4 Air Passengers and Aircraft Operations and Load Factors at Logan Airport, 1998, 2019, 2022-2024 ........................................................................................................................................... 3-17 Table 3-5 Cargo and Mail Operations and Volume, 2000, 2022-2024 ....................................................... 3-20 Table 3-6 Scheduled Domestic Air Passenger Operations by Airline Category, 2000, 2022 2024 .. 3-22 Table 3-7 Scheduled International Passenger Operations by Market Segment, 2000, 2022 2024 . 3-30 Table 4-1 Logan Airport Short- and Long-Term Planning Initiatives .............................................................4-3 Table 5-1 Passenger Activity at New England Regional Airports and Logan Airport, 2000, 2019, 2022-2024 ........................................................................................................................................ .. ... 5- 9 Table 5-2 Aircraft Operations by Classification for New England’s Airports, 2023-2024 .................... 5-1 0 Table 5-3 Annual Ridership of Northeast Rail Serving the Boston Area, FY 2022-2024 ...................... 5- 17 Table 6-1 Annual Ridership and Activity Levels on Logan Express, MBTA, and Water Transportation Services, 2019, 2022-2024 ............................................................................................6-5 Table 6-2 Other Shared-Ride HOV Modes: Scheduled Buses, Shared-Ride Vans, Courtesy Vehicles, and Black Car Limousines, 2019, 2022–2024 ................................................................. 6-12 Table 6-3 Automobile Modes: Rental Cars, Taxis, Ride App, 2019, 2022–2024 ...................................... 6-13 Table 6-4 Logan Airport Gateways: Annual Average Daily Vehicle Volumes, 2019, 2022–2024 ...... 6-18 Table 6-5 Airport Study Area Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) for Airport-Related Vehicle Volumes, 2019, 2022-2024 ....................................................................................................................... 6-19 Table 6-6 Allocation of On-Airport Parking Spaces, 2019, 2022-2024 ....................................................... 6-20 Table 6-7 Peak Parking Demand, Weeks Exceeding Operational Thresholds.......................................... 6-21 Table 6-8 Massport Ride App Management ......................................................................................................... 6-25 Table 6-9 Parking Programs and Initiatives ........................................................................................................... 6-26 Table 6-10 Long-Term Parking Management Plan Elements and Progress ................................................ 6-27 Table 6-11 Employee Ground Transportation Initiatives .................................................................................... 6-29 Table 6-12 Air Passenger Ground Access Mode Share, 2024 ........................................................................... 6-31 Table 6-13 Air Passenger Ground Access Vehicle Modes: Vehicle Occupancy, 2024 ............................. 6-32 Table 7-1 Population Exposed to DNL 65 dB or Greater, by Community, 1998, 2022-2024 ............. 7-16 Table 7-2 Comparison of Measured Aircraft Noise Levels (DNL), 2022-2024.......................................... 7-18 Table 7-3 Comparison of Measured Aircraft DNL Values to AEDT Modeled DNL Values, = 2022-2024 ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-21 Table 7-4 Noise Abatement Management Plan, 2023 & 2024 Updates .................................................... 7-24 Table 7-5 Noise Complaint Line Average Complaints per Complainant, 2022-2024 ........................... 7-27 XI Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Table 8-1 Aircraft Emissions Inventory AEDT3e and AEDT3g Model Comparison ...................................8-8 Table 8-2 Aircraft Emissions Inventory Comparison between Analysis Years .............................................8-9 Table 8-3 Motor Vehicle Emissions Inventory MOVES3.1 and MOVES5 Model Comparison............ 8-10 Table 8-4 Motor Vehicle Emissions Inventory Comparison between Analysis Years ............................ 8-11 Table 8-5 Estimated VOC Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 .............................. 8-14 Table 8-6 Estimated Aircraft VOC Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 .............. 8-14 Table 8-7 Estimated Motor Vehicles VOC Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 8-15 Table 8-8 Estimated Other Sources VOC Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 8-15 Table 8-9 Estimated NOX Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 ............................... 8-19 Table 8-10 Estimated Aircraft NOX Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 ............... 8-19 Table 8-11 Estimated Motor Vehicles NOX Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 8-20 Table 8-12 Estimated CO Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-20241 ................................ 8-23 Table 8-13 Estimated Aircraft CO Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 ................. 8-23 Table 8-14 Estimated Motor Vehicles CO Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 1990, 2022-2024 1 . 8-24 Table 8-15 Estimated PM10/PM2.5 Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 2005, 2022-2024 1 ................. 8-28 Table 8-16 Estimated Aircraft PM10/PM2.5 Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 2005, 2022-2024 1 . 8-28 Table 8-17 Estimated Motor Vehicles PM10/PM2.5 Emissions (kg/day) at Logan Airport, 2005, 2022-2024 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 8-29 Table 8-18 Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Inventory (in MT of CO2e) by Scope at Logan Airport, 2022 through 2024 ..................................................................................................................... 8-33 Table 8-19 Comparison of Estimated Total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions (MT CO2e) by Scope at Logan Airport – 2022 through 2024 .................................................................................. 8-34 Table 8-20 GSE Alternative Fuel Conversion Summary (kg/day) ..................................................................... 8-37 Table 8-21 Air Quality Management Strategy Status ........................................................................................... 8-37 Table 9-1 Stormwater Outfalls Subject to National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit Requirements ...................................................................................................................9-5 Table 9-2 Fire Training Facility Regulated Discharges, 2023 and 2024 ...................................................... 9-14 Table 9-3 Fuel, Oil, and Regulated Materials Spills, 2022-2024..................................................................... 9-16 Table 10-1 Terminal E Modernization Project (EEA #15434) Details of On-going Section 61 Mitigation Measures (as of December 31, 2024) ............................................................................ 10-5 Table 10-2 Logan Airport Parking Project (EEA #15665) Details of On-going Section 61 Mitigation Measures (as of December 31, 2024) ..........................................................................10-13 Table 10-3 Runway 27 End Runway Safety Area Improvements Project (EEA #16433) Details of On-going Section 61 Mitigation Measures (as of December 31, 2024) ...............................10-19 Table 11-1 Construction and Demolition Volumes for Projects Completed in 2023 and 2024 .......... 11-9 Table 11-2 Preliminary Climate Hazard Exposure Score for Logan Airport ...............................................11-19 Table 11-3 Temperature Projections for Logan Airport, 2030 and 2050 ....................................................11-20 Table 11-4 Precipitation Projections for Logan Airport, 2030 and 2050 ....................................................11-21 XII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR This Page Intentionally Left Blank. XIII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Acronyms A AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AAD Average Annual Day AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic AAWDT Annual Average Weekday Daily Traffic AC Advisory Circular ACA Airport Carbon Accreditation ACEP Airport Community and Environmental Program ACI-NA Airports Council International – North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ACS U.S. Census American Community Survey ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ADPM Average Day of Peak Month ADRM Airport Development Reference Manual AEDT Aviation Environmental Design Tool AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam AFS Aircraft Fueling System AFV Alternative Fuel Vehicles AIP Airport Improvement Program ALP Airport Layout Plan APC Automated Passenger Counters APM Automated People Mover APO FAA Office of Aviation Policy and Plans APU Auxiliary Power Unit APV Approach Procedure with Vertical Guidance ARFF Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ASCENT FAA Aviation Sustainability Center ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers ASPM Aviation System Performance Metrics AST Aboveground Storage Tank ATCT Air Traffic Control Tower ATMS Automated Traffic Monitoring System ATR Automatic Traffic Recorder AUL Activity Use Limitation AVI Automated Vehicle Identification AWDT Average Weekday Daily Traffic AWEDT Annual Average Weekend Daily Traffic B BBY Boston Back Bay BC Black Carbon BDL Bradley International Airport BED Hanscom Field BESS Battery Electric Storage System BGR Bangor International Airport BIF Bird Island Flats BLANS Boston Logan Airport Noise Study BLS Bureau of Labor Statistics XIV Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR BMP Best Management Practice BMPs Best Management Practices BNRD Bus Network Redesign BPDA Boston Planning and Development Agency BRT Bus Rapid Transit BTD Boston Transportation Department BTV Burlington International Airport C CAA Connecticut Airport Authority CACES Center for Air Climate and Energy Solutions CACI Clean Air Construction Initiative CAEP Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CARES Act Coronavirus Aid, Relief, And Economic Security Act CAT Central Artery and Tunnel CATEX Categorical Exclusion CATSR Center for Air Transportation Systems Research CDC U.S. Centers For Disease Control And Prevention CECP Clean Energy and Climate Plan CEO Chief Executive Officer CFR Code of Federal Regulations CFU Colony Forming Units CGP Construction General Permit CHP Central Heating Plant CIA Cumulative Impact Assessment CIDP Capital Improvement Development Program CIP Capital Investment Program CLF Conservation Law Foundation CMR Code of Massachusetts Regulations CNG Compressed Natural Gas CNI Cumulative Noise Index CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO2e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent CONEG Conference of New England Governors COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CRISI Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements Program CSC Customer Service Center CTDOT Connecticut Department of Transportation CTPS Central Transportation Planning Staff CWA Clean Water Act CY Calendar Year D dB Decibels dBA A-Weighted Decibel DC Direct Current DCR Department of Conservation and Recreation DE&I Diversity, Equity & Inclusion DEIR Draft Environmental Impact Report DERA Diesel Emissions Reduction Act DFE Design Flood Elevation DFS Department of Fire Services DGA Designated Geographic Area XV Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security DIRP Disaster and Infrastructure Resiliency Planning DMF Massachusetts Department Oo Marine Fisheries DMP Demand Management Program DMRs Discharge Monitoring Reports DNL Day Night Average Sound Level DO Dissolved Oxygen DOT U.S. Department of Transportation DPH EJ Tool Massachusetts Department of Public Health Environmental Justice Tool E EA Environmental Assessment EAS Essential Air Service EDMS Electronic Document Management System EDR Environmental Data Report EEA Massachusetts Executive Office Of Energy And Environmental Affairs EENF Expanded Environmental Notification Form eGSE Electric Ground Service Equipment EIR Environmental Impact Report EIS Environmental Impact Statement EJ Environmental Justice EMAS Engineered Materials Arresting System ENF Environmental Notification Form EPNdB Effective Perceived Noise decibel EPNL Effective Perceived Noise Level ESMF Equipment Storage and Maintenance Facility ESPR Environmental Status And Planning Report EUI Energy Use Intensity EV Electric Vehicle F FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAR Federal Aviation Regulations FBO Fixed-Base Operator FEIR Final Environmental Impact Report FIS Federal Inspection Services FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact FPH Future Planning Horizon FRA Federal Railroad Administration FSC Forest Stewardship Council FSM Facility Systems Maintenance FY Fiscal Year G GA General Aviation GBCI Green Business Certification, Inc. GDP Gross Domestic Product GEIR Generic Environmental Impact Report GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System GPM gallons per mile GRP Gross Regional Product GSE Ground Service Equipment GTOC Ground Transportation Operations Center XVI Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR GWh Gigawatt-hour GWSA Global Warming Solutions Act H HHL High-High-Low HI Heat Index HOV High-Occupancy Vehicle HVAC Heating, Ventilation, And Air Conditioning HVN Tweed-New Haven Regional Airport I IAQ Indoor Air Quality IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ILS Instrument Landing System INM Integrated Noise Model IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISA Inclined Safety Area ISO-NE Independent System Operator New England J JOC Joint Operations Center K KPI Key Performance Indicator kW Kilowatt L LAX Los Angeles International Airport LCC Low-Cost Carriers LDMS Logan Dispersion Modeling System LED Light Emitting Diode LEED® Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LIAG Logan Impact Advisory Group LOI Letter of Interest LTAG Long-Term Aspirational Goal LTO Landing and Takeoff LUO Land Under Ocean M MA Massachusetts MAP Million Annual Passengers MAPC Metropolitan Area Planning Council MassDEP Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection MassDOT Massachusetts Department of Transportation MassDPH Massachusetts Department of Health Massport CAC Massport Community Advisory Committee MBTA Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority MCAC Massport Community Advisory Committee MC-FRM Massachusetts Coastal Flood risk Model MCP Massachusetts Contingency Plan MEMA Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency MEPA Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act MESA Massachusetts Endangered Species Act MGL Massachusetts General Laws MHC Massachusetts Historical Commission XVII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR MHT Manchester-Boston Regional Airport MICA Massport Infrastructure Conditions Assessment MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology ml Milliliter MMT Million Metric Tons MOA Memorandum of Agreement MOU Memorandum of Understanding MOVES Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator MOV-UP Mobile ObserVations of Ultrafine Particles MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area MT Metric Ton MW Mega-watt N NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NAVAID Navigational Aids NCA North Cargo Area NCI Noise Complaint Initiative NE New England NEA Northeast Alliance NEC Northeast Corridor NEG/ECP New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers NEM Noise Exposure Map NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NERASP New England Regional Airport System Plan NERASP-GA New England Regional Airport System Planning – General Aviation NES Neighborhood Environmental Survey NHESP Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program NNEIRI Northern New England Intercity Rail Initiative NO Nitrous Oxides NOMS Noise And Operations Monitoring System NOX Nitrous Oxides NPC Notice of Project Change NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPSI Noise Per Seat Index NSA North Service Area O OAG Official Airline Guide OCIR Office of Climate Innovation and Resilience ORH Worcester Regional Airport P PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAL Planning Activity Level PARC Parking And Revenue Control PARTNER Partnership for Air Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction PBN Performance-Based Navigation PCA Pre-Conditioned Air PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyl XVIII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR PFAS Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFOA Perfluorooctanoic Acid PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid PM Particulate Matter PMO Program Management Office PNC ParticleNumber Concentration ppm Parts Per Million PPP Peak Period Pricing ppt Parts Per Trillion PRAS Preferential Runway Advisory System PSB public safety building PSCS Public Safety Communications System PSM Portsmouth International Airport PSS Passenger Security Screening PV Photovoltaic PVD Rhode Island T.F. Green International Airport PWM Portland International Jetport Q QTA Quick Turnaround Areas R RACT Reasonable Available Control Technology RAM Royal Air Maroc RCC Rental Car Center RFI Request For Information RFP Request For Proposals RFQ Request For Quote RIAC Rhode Island Airport Corporation RIDOT Rhode Island Department of Transportation RIM Runway Incursion Mitigation RJ Regional Jet RMAT ResilientMass Action Team RMP Risk Management Plan RNAV Area Navigation RNP Required Navigational Performance ROD Record of Determination RON Remain Over Night RPZ Runway Protection Zone RSA Runway Safety Area RSIP Residential Sound Insulation Program RTC Resilient Massachusetts Action Team RTN Release Tracking Number S SAF Sustainable Aviation Fuel SAPHE State Action for Public Health Excellence SAS Scandinavian Airlines SCA South Cargo Area SDG Sustainable Development Goals SID Standard Instrument Departures SIP Massachusetts State Implementation Plan SL Silver Line SMP Sustainability Management Plan SOV Single-Occupancy Vehicle SPCC Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure SRI Solar Reflectance Index STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math SWPPP Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan XIX Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR SWSA Southwest Service Area T TA Time Above TAA Tenant Alteration Application TAF Terminal Area Forecast TBD To Be Determined TDM Transportation Demand Management THC total hydrocarbon TIM Time in Mode TIP Transportation Improvement Program TMA Transportation Management Association TRB Transportation Research Board TRI Toxic Release Inventory TSA Transportation Security Administration TSP Transportation Security Program TSS Total Suspended Solids U U.S.ACE Army Corps of Engineers U.S.BLS U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S.DOD U.S. Department of Defense U.S.EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S.GBC U.S. Green Building Council U.S.HUD U.S. Department of Housing And Urban Development UFP Ultrafine Particle ULCC Ultra-Low Cost Carriers ULSD Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel UPS United Parcel Service USC University of Southern California USTs Underground Storage Tanks UW University of Washington V VALE Voluntary Airport Low Emission VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled VNM Virtual Noise Monitors VOC Volatile Organic Compound W WET Whole Effluent Toxicity Z ZIAA Zero Impact Aviation Alliance XX Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR T his Page Intentionally Left Blank. XXI Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Key Terminology Term (Acronym) Definition “A”-weighted decibel (dBA) A noise metric that adjusts the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) to mimic human auditory sensitivity. Humans are less responsive to low and high frequencies and most sensitive to mid-range frequencies. Aboveground Storage Tanks (AST) Aboveground Storage Tanks (AST) at airports are storage containers located above the ground, primarily used for storing aviation fuel and other essential liquids. Their installation and management are typically overseen by environmental and aviation regulatory bodies. Advisory Opinion If a proponent has questions regarding the meaning or applicability of any provision or requirement of the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA), an Advisory Opinion may be requested from the MEPA office. Air Passengers Enplaned (arriving) and deplaned (departing) passengers. Air Taxi Small commercial aircraft used for short flights between locations not served by scheduled airlines. It may be an on-demand service. Air Toxics Cancer Risk An indicator reflecting the estimated possible lifetime cancer risk due to inhalation exposure to airborne pollutants. For example, an air toxics cancer risk of one in one million for a given pollutant means if one million people were exposed to that pollutant consistently for 70 years, one person among that million people may develop cancer. Air Toxics Respiratory Hazard Index (HI) Measures the ratio of exposure concentrations to health-based reference concentrations for hazardous air pollutants. Aircraft Certification Noise Categories (Stages 1 through 5) Stage 1 aircraft are the noisiest, and Stage 5 aircraft are the quietest, as defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 14 Part 36, Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification . Aircraft Noise and Performance Data (ANP data) Noise-related data used in the AEDT model (version 3e) based on distance, altitude, speed, and engine power for civilian aircraft, 84 military aircraft, and 26 helicopters. Aircraft Operations Arriving and departing aircraft movements, including takeoffs and landings. Airline Codeshare Agreement A commercial agreement where two or more airlines sell seats on the same flight using their own respective flight numbers. This allows airlines to offer more flights to more destinations without as many associated costs and provides similar benefits to passengers as interline agreements. XXII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Airline Interline Agreement A commercial agreement between two or more airlines that allows passengers to travel on multiple flights operated by different airlines using a single ticket and checked-through baggage. It enables airlines to provide seamless travel experiences by facilitating the transfer of passengers and their baggage between connecting flights. Airside Refers to the restricted area of an airport that is accessible only to authorized personnel. This includes areas such as the runways, taxiways, apron, and gates where aircraft are parked, loaded or unloaded, refueled, or boarded. Airside areas are often referred to as the Air Operations Area, or AOA. Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) AFVs are motor vehicles that operate on non-traditional fuels, such as electricity, biofuels, natural gas, or hydrogen, instead of conventional petroleum fuels, like gasoline, which reduces overall emissions and enhancing environmental sustainability. Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) AADT is a measure of how much vehicle traffic, like passenger cars, the Airport experiences on an average day over a year. Annual Average Weekday Daily Traffic (AWDT) AWDT is the average number of vehicles on Airport roadways on a typical weekday over the course of a year. Annual Average Weekend Daily Traffic (AWEDT) AWEDT is the average number of vehicles on Airport roadways on a typical weekend day over a year. Area Navigation (RNAV) A method of navigation that allows aircraft to fly a direct course between any two points in the air, rather than being restricted to routes between ground-based navigation aids. Using technology like GPS and distance measuring equipment (DME), this method gives pilots greater flexibility in choosing flight paths, uses less fuel with more efficient routing, enables more efficient airspace use, and allows instrument approaches to airports without traditional ground-based navigation systems. RNAV is a component of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN), alongside Required Navigation Performance (RNP). Automated Traffic Monitoring System (ATMS) ATMS technology automatically collects, processes, and analyzes vehicle volume data, which helps Airport staff better manage, understand, and control traffic flow. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) APU devices provide energy to aircraft for functions other than propulsion, usually to power systems when the main engines are not running, such as during ground operations, pre-flight checks, and providing air conditioning for passengers. Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) The FAA’s standard modeling software for assessing aircraft performance in space and time to estimate environmental impacts like fuel consumption, noise, and emissions. XXIII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Aviation Sustainability Center (ASCENT) An FAA, NASA, and Department of Defense (DoD) supported research center co-led by Washington State University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) focused on advancing sustainable practices within the aviation industry, including reducing environmental impacts. It supports Logan Airport by promoting innovations in fuel efficiency and emissions reduction. ASCENT projects have historically occurred at or around Logan Airport. Belly Cargo Cargo transported in the lower hold of a passenger aircraft. Once passengers and luggage are onboard, the remaining free space in the aircraft’s lower hold is filled with cargo to optimize the flight’s carrying capacity. Best Management Practices (BMPs) BMPs, as defined under the CWA NPDES program, are engineered structures, an organization’s policies and procedures, or other technologies used to manage, control, or prevent harmful pollutants from being exposed to environmental media, like stormwater, or carried by runoff to natural water bodies or other sensitive environmental areas, like groundwater or soils. Block Groups Geographical units used by the United States Census Bureau to organize and group detailed demographic data about communities. Implemented within census tracts, block groups typically contain between 600 and 3,000 people. Building Envelope The components of a building that enclose its internal spaces, such as walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors. Capacity or Seat Capacity Number of passenger seats per aircraft or aggregated across a given set of aircraft. Carbon Offsets Measurable, verifiable actions which demonstrably reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to compensate for emissions produced elsewhere; typically achieved by either reducing the production of GHGs or by removing GHGs from the atmosphere. Cargo Airlines Airlines operate aircraft only for the transportation of cargo without customer passengers onboard. Catchment Area The geographic area from which an airport draws the majority of its passengers. In other words, the area where most air travel customers for the airport come from originally. Categorical Exclusion (CATEX) A federal action may be exempt, or "categorically excluded," from a detailed environmental analysis when the proposed activity normally does not have a significant effect on the human environment. Census Tracts Small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county delineated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each tract typically encompasses about 4,000 inhabitants and is used to analyze population statistics. XXIV Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Clean Water Act (CWA) Originally enacted as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1948, the Act was significantly reorganized and expanded in 1972, becoming commonly known as the Clean Water Act. This U.S. federal law, regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), controls the discharge of pollutants into the nation's surface waters, including lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, and coastal areas. The CWA established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the Waters of the United States (WOTUS) and gave the EPA the authority to implement pollution control programs such as setting water quality standards and the NPDES program. Climate Resilience Design Standards Tool A tool for assessing and integrating climate resilience measures into projects, ensuring long-term adaptability against climate risks like flooding and extreme heat. It supports sustainable development by providing guidelines to enhance community and infrastructure safety. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) An alternative fuel made by compressing natural gas, which is used in vehicles and has fewer GHG emissions when combusted than other fuels like gasoline or diesel. Connecting Passengers Passengers who arrive at an airport on one flight, and subsequently take another flight to reach a different airport at their final destination. Co-permittee Under a stormwater NPDES permit, refers to an entity that shares responsibility and liability with the primary permit holder for complying with the conditions of the permit. This can include managing BMPs, stormwater quality sampling or monitoring, and reporting spills of possible pollutants, among others. Criteria Air Pollutants The group of main air pollutants that have been established by the US.EPA under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)to cause harm to human health, the environment, or property. These pollutants may be generated by aircraft engines, ground support equipment, or vehicles, potentially affecting air quality. The U.S. EPA criteria pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), coarse particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and lead (Pb). Cumulative Noise Index (CNI) A single number representing the total noise energy from commercial jet takeoffs and landings for a full year. Like DNL, CNI incorporates a 10- decibel weighting for operations occurring at night. Day Night Average Sound Level (DNL) A 24-hour cumulative noise exposure measure that applies a 10-dB weighting to nighttime noise (10:00 PM to 7:00 AM) due to increased sensitivity. It is the FAA's preferred metric for assessing noise and land use compatibility. XXV Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Deadhead trips Trips where vehicles travel to or from the Airport without additional passengers other than the driver. For example, with for-pay transportation services like taxis, the driver may leave the Airport without a customer in the vehicle after dropping off passengers. Decibel (dB) The standard unit for Sound Pressure Level (SPL), representing the logarithmic ratio between the pressure of a sound source and a reference pressure. SPL ranges from 0 dB for barely audible sounds to 120 dB for the loudest pain-free sounds, with most daily sounds falling between 30 to 100dB. Derivative forecast Detailed forecast that derives specific data regarding aircraft, destination pairs, and other more fine-grained information. Designated Geographic Area (DGA) The area within one mile or five miles of the project area for projects subject to MEPA review. For the EDRs and ESPRs, the DGA is 1-mile from the Logan Airport Boundary. Disaster and Infrastructure Resiliency Planning Study (DIRP) Focuses on assessing potential risks and enhancing the resilience of the airport's infrastructure against natural and man-made disasters. By developing strategic plans and reinforcing critical systems, the study ensures continued operation and safety under adverse conditions. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DE&I) Principles that promote a diverse workforce, ensure equal opportunities, and foster an inclusive environment. This involves strategies to include different groups, based on race, gender, age, and other factors, in staffing, leadership, and decision-making processes. Domestic Air Travel Travel starting and ending within the U.S. Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR) A detailed report prepared by a project proponent and filed with the state’s MEPA Office, which assesses and documents the potential environmental impacts of a project or development. The report also proposes steps to mitigate the identified impacts. This report includes responses to comments received on the ENF, which is then submitted to MEPA for review and approval. Effective Perceived Noise in Decibels (EPNdB) A measure of the perceived loudness of aircraft noise, considering both the intensity and frequency of the sound, helps establish noise standards for aircraft certification and community noise impact assessments. Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) A metric calculated using a series of "tone corrected" perceived noise levels, measured in EPNdB. This includes a "pure tone" correction of up to 6 dB. EPNdB is an international standard for aircraft noise certification and contributes to the calculation of the CNI. XXVI Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Effective Runway Use vs. Actual Runway Use Effective Runway Use, a measure specific to noise, multiplies nighttime operations by 10 before determining percentages, allowing direct comparison of runway use changes with DNL changes (because DNL calculations incorporate a 10-times nighttime weighting). In contrast, Actual Runway Use is reported as annual percentages calculated from operations counts that occurred on each runway. Electric Vehicle (EV) A vehicle powered by electricity, often stored in a battery. Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS) An Engineered Material Arresting System uses crushable material placed at the end of a runway to help stop an aircraft that overruns or undershoots the runway. Environmental Assessment (EA) Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), this is a concise public document that evaluates the potential environmental impacts of a proposed federal action, which can be a new development project at an airport, and determines if the action has the potential to cause significant environmental effects. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) A comprehensive document required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for any major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. It provides an in-depth analysis of the potential environmental effects of proposed projects or actions and considers alternatives and mitigation strategies to minimize adverse impacts. The EIS process ensures that decision-makers and the public are informed about the environmental consequences before project approval. Environmental Justice (EJ) Massport utilizes the Massachusetts Energy and Environmental Affair’s (EEA) and Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act Office’s (MEPA) definition of environmental justice (EJ) communities: “EJ populations are those segments of the population that EEA has determined to be most at risk of being unaware of or unable to participate in environmental decision-making or gain access to state environmental resources or are especially vulnerable. They are defined as neighborhoods (U.S. Census Bureau census block group data for minority criteria, and American Community Survey (ACS) data for state median income and English isolation criteria) that meet one or more of the following criteria: • The annual median household income is not more than 65 percent of the statewide annual median household income; • Minorities comprise 40 percent or more of the population; • 25 percent or more of households lack English language proficiency; • or Minorities comprise 25 percent or more of the population and the annual median household income of the municipality in which the neighborhood is located does not exceed 150 percent of the statewide annual median household income.” XXVII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Environmental Notification Form (ENF) The MEPA review of a project is initiated through the preparation and filing of an Environmental Notification Form. Envision™ Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure (ISI) Envision™ Verification is a process for sustainable infrastructure projects, ensuring they align with the Envision™ framework's comprehensive sustainability goals. These goals focus on enhancing environmental stewardship, improving quality of life, and promoting economic prosperity. The verification process objectively assesses whether the project's plans, resources, and execution strategies effectively address these goals, facilitating the credible implementation of sustainable practices. Essential Air Service (EAS) Established to guarantee that small communities served by certificated air carriers before airline deregulation maintained a minimal level of scheduled air service. The U.S.DOT is mandated to provide eligible EAS communities with access to the National Air Transportation System. This is generally accomplished by subsidizing two daily round trips with 30- to 50-seat aircraft or additional frequencies with aircraft with 9-seat or fewer, usually to a large- or medium-hub airport. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) A state governmental agency that oversees the conservation, regulation, and utilization of the state's environmental resources, along with developing and implementing the state's energy policies. EEA manages the enforcement of MEPA. EEA mandates the Section 61 mitigation measures for those projects that have been determined through MEPA review to cause environmental impacts requiring proponents to implement avoidance, minimization, and mitigation strategies. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) The U.S. government agency responsible for regulating and overseeing all aspects of civil aviation, including air traffic control, safety standards, and airport infrastructure. Final Environmental Impact Report (FEIR) A comprehensive report filed with the MEPA Office that provides final details on a project's potential environmental impacts, following the Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR). This report includes responses to comments received on the DEIR, completes the analysis of environmental impacts, and outlines final commitments to mitigate identified impacts. This final report is submitted to the MEPA Office for a final review and decision on the project. Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) If the Federal agency determines that the action will not have significant environmental impacts, the agency will issue a Finding of No Significant Impact. Fixed-base operator (FBO) A business that operates on an airport providing aeronautical services such as fuel, parking, and hangar space. XXVIII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Future Planning Horizon The future period of time over which aviation demand and capacity needs are projected or estimated based on historical trends. Gateway Roadways These are the roads, streets, and other surface transportation infrastructure that serve as access points to enter and exit from Logan Airport. Gateway Vehicle Volumes Count of vehicles over a given period of time that pass through gateway roadway access points when entering or leaving the Airport. General Aviation (GA) A public-use airport that does not have scheduled service or has scheduled service with fewer than 2,500 passengers each year. Includes aviation activities that are not military, commercial cargo, or commercial passenger travel based, including private flying, flight training, business flights, and emergency services. Grab Samples Single samples of discharges from stormwater outfalls collected from outfall-specific locations. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global climate change, and include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. These gases are reported in the unit metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e). The scopes of GHGs typically refer to the different sources of emissions: Scope 1 covers direct emissions from Massport-owned sources, Scope 2 includes indirect emissions from purchased electricity, heating, and cooling, while Scope 3 covers all other indirect emissions. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) A measure of economic output for the U.S. Gross Regional Product (GRP) A measure of economic output for a region within the U.S. Ground Service Equipment (GSE) The various vehicles and tools used on the ground at airports to support aircraft operations, such as tugs, tractors, loaders, refuelers, and catering and cleaning vehicles. Headway Refers to the time interval between vehicles, such as buses or shuttles, on a particular route. This reflects the maximum passenger wait time for a vehicle to arrive. High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) A category of transportation that prioritizes shared travel modes to maximize passenger capacity and reduce congestion. This includes transit services, such as buses and trains, as well as public or privately run shared ride modes like carpooling, vanpools, and shuttle services. HOV systems are designed to encourage the use of vehicles carrying multiple passengers, thereby promoting more efficient use of transportation infrastructure and reducing environmental impact. Impervious Surface The percentage of land covered by materials like pavement, affecting water infiltration and urban heat. XXIX Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Instrument Landing System (ILS) Provides alignment, descent gradient, and position for landing safely under conditions of reduced ceilings and visibility. An ILS uses a signal path from the localizer (LOC) antenna and Glide Slope (GS) antenna to provide horizontal and vertical guidance to pilots. International Air Travel Travel to and from locations outside the U.S. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) A specialized agency of the United Nations that establishes international standards to ensure safe, secure, and sustainable air transport. ICAO influences Logan Airport by aligning its operations with global safety, efficiency, and environmental standards. Large Hub An airport that accommodates 1 percent or more of annual commercial enplanements in the U.S. Large Jet Aircraft Jet aircraft with 100 seats or more. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) Administered by the U.S Green Building Council, provides a framework for healthy, efficient, and cost-saving green buildings. LEED® certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership. LEED Certification is an independent certification verified by a third party. Load Factor The percentage of passengers compared to available aircraft seats per flight. Logan Airport Parking Freeze A regulatory measure, part of the Massachusetts State Implementation Plan, which sets a limit on the number of commercial and employee parking spaces at Logan Airport. In accordance with 310 CMR 7.30, Massport regularly reports on compliance, not allowing the total parked vehicles to exceed the parking freeze limits, with special provisions for "Restricted Use Parking Spaces" in scenarios of high demand. Logan Express A convenient bus service to and from Logan Airport, providing travelers with reliable and cost-effective transportation options from various locations in Greater Boston. This service is designed to reduce traffic congestion and improve accessibility to the airport. Low-cost carrier (LCC) An airline offering lower price fares than the full-service legacy carriers. Usually operates a few aircraft types and have large, but not comprehensive, route networks. These airlines’ business models focus more on point-to-point flying between origin and destination airports than connections through hubs. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) As a division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), the MBTA provides subway, bus, Commuter Rail, ferry, and paratransit service to eastern Massachusetts and parts of Rhode Island. XXX Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) An economic development group dedicated to accelerating the clean energy sector in Massachusetts, focused on the importance of integrating renewable energy technologies and enhancing energy efficiency. Massachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP) A set of regulations governed by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) that controls the reporting, assessment, and cleanup of oil and hazardous material spills. It prescribes the site cleanup process based on the nature and extent of a release's contamination. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Administers and enforces environmental laws to protect air, water, and land resources in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) Oversees state transportation infrastructure, including highways, rail, and aviation, and MassDOT coordinates with Massport to ensure efficient transportation connectivity at Logan Airport. Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) A state law that requires all state agencies to study the environmental impacts of their projects. The MEPA review process typically begins with submitting an Environmental Notification Form (ENF) to the MEPA office, which provides a preliminary description of the project and its potential environmental impacts. If the project is deemed to have significant environmental impacts, the proponent must then prepare an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) that provides a more detailed analysis. The Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) then issues a Secretary's Certificate, which determines whether the EIR adequately and properly complies with MEPA and whether a Final EIR is required.. MassDEP CIA Framework Incorporates assessments of cumulative environmental impacts in air quality permitting processes, particularly in areas near vulnerable communities. It enables comprehensive pollution management and protects EJ populations. Massport Community Advisory Committee (Massport CAC) Serving as a liaison between Massport and local communities, the Massport CAC provides feedback and suggestions on airport operations' impact, helping Logan Airport foster community relations and address local concerns. Massport CAC represents 35 communities. Medium Hub An airport that accommodates 0.25 to 1 percent of annual commercial enplanements in the U.S. XXXI Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition MEPA Review This is a requirement for a project if a state agency has jurisdiction over the project and the project meets or exceeds a MEPA review threshold (outlined at 301 CMR 11.03). MEPA review is not a permitting process. MEPA requires public study, disclosure, and development of feasible mitigation for a proposed project. MEPA review occurs before permitting agencies act, to ensure project proponents are aware ofproject related environmental impacts. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) U.S. government designation of the relevant geographic area with significant economic effects on a high population density. Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) A computer-based tool developed by the EPA for estimating emissions from ground support equipment, auxiliary power units in aircraft, and from vehicles on airport roads. Narrow-body Aircraft Single-aisle aircraft, typically with a seating capacity of 100-200 seats. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Established by the EPA to limit the concentrations of criteria air pollutants in outdoor air, with the objective of protecting public health or welfare. If an established area meets and surpasses these standards, it is described as being "in attainment." National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) A federal law that requires federal agencies, such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions. The process often begins with preparing an Environmental Assessment (EA), a concise document that provides sufficient evidence and analysis for determining the environmental impact of a proposed action. If the EA determines that the environmental impact is not significant, a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) is issued by the FAA, which is a document presenting the reasons why an action will not have a significant effect on the human environment. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit program regulated by the EPA that controls the discharge of pollutants from point sources to waters of the United States. The NPDES permit process involves evaluating the type and quantity of pollutants being discharged, implementing control measures to reduce pollutant discharge, and regular monitoring and reporting of discharge data to the EPA. NPDES permits are typically reviewed and renewed every five years to ensure ongoing compliance with the water quality standards of the Clean Water Act. Navigational Aids (NAVAIDs) A physical device on an airfield that provides navigational data to aircraft. XXXII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Net Zero Emissions (Net Zero) When GHG emissions released to the atmosphere equal those sequestered or removed from the atmosphere. A Net Zero policy often refers to strategies to decrease GHG emissions by increasing operating efficiencies, implementing technologies that reduce overall emissions, or offsetting emissions at other locations. Network Airlines Large, full-service airlines that operate comprehensive national and global route networks, utilizing connecting hubs and regional affiliate airlines. Also referred to as “traditional carriers” or “legacy carriers.” Noise and Operations Monitoring System (NOMS) Massport’s NOMS includes aircraft operations and flight tracking software as well as 30 permanent noise monitors installed in Boston and throughout surrounding communities. Noise Contour Lines connecting points of equal noise exposure on a map, much like topographic map contours connect points of equal elevation. DNL contour maps describe noise exposure geographically. Noise Exposure Map An official map documenting noise exposure for the 65 DNL contour. Non-hub An airport that accommodates more than 10,000, but fewer than 0.05 percent of annual commercial enplanements in the U.S. Non-jet Aircraft Turboprop and piston aircraft without jet engines. Notice of Project Change Request to the MEPA Office should a project materially change prior to construction. Origin and Destination (O&D) Passengers Passengers who begin or end their air journey at the airport, as compared to connecting passengers. Outfalls and Discharges Refer to the points where stormwater, often from runways and other impermeable surfaces, is discharged into the environment, whether into surface water bodies or the ground. ParkSmart® A certification process designed for parking facilities to meet the ParkSmart® framework's sustainability and efficiency goals. This certification verifies parking operations are optimized by enhancing energy efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, improving management practices, and integrating sustainable transportation strategies. Passenger Airlines Commercial airlines providing scheduled and non-scheduled passenger air transportation services; not including GA services. Passenger Count An annual measure of departing, arriving, and transiting (connecting) passengers at an airport. Includes commercial airline and GA passengers. XXXIII Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) A group of chemicals used in various industrial applications and consumer products. PFAS are frequently used in aeronautics applications because they maintain their chemical properties and behave the same way under extreme heat, UV light, and in a vacuum, like conditions at high altitudes or in outer space. However, PFAS have primarily been used at airports in Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF), which firefighters use to extinguish jet fuel and petroleum product fires. AFFF use was previously mandated by the FAA for all commercial service airports in the U.S. as part of Part 139 Safety Certification requirements. Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) A navigation system that enhances flight path precision and efficiency of aircraft operations by utilizing advanced technologies and procedures. Planning Activity Level (PAL) A metric used in airport planning to represent anticipated passenger or aircraft activity volumes at a future point in time, the Future Planning Horizon, which guides infrastructure development and operational improvements planning to accommodate projected or forecasted future demand. Record of Decision (ROD) Issued before an action to explain why NEPA approved or did not approve a Proposed Action. The ROD explains what the airport sponsor proposes to do and why, identifies actions the FAA and other Federal agencies must take, explains the alternatives analyzed and which one is environmentally preferred, and identifies required mitigation measures. Regional Jet (RJ) Small jet aircraft, typically with fewer than 100 seats per plan, commonly used for shorter distance, regional flights. Reliever airport Airports designated by the FAA to relieve congestion at nearby commercial airports and to improve GA access to the community. Rematch Program Allows RideApp drivers who are dropping off passengers to locate, connect to, and pick up another passenger quickly and efficiently, which reduces or eliminates Deadhead trips where the driverleaves the Airport without a passenger. Residential Sound Insulation Program (RSIP) A noise mitigation initiative implemented by airport authorities and overseen by the FAA to reduce aircraft noise in nearby homes by installing soundproofing measures, like additional insulation or sound dampening windows. Resiliency The ability to adapt to a significant disruption or impact successfully and recover readily to prior operating conditions, even if adapting to prevent an impact was not possible. XXXIV Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition ResilientMass Action Team (RMAT) Focused on building climate resilience across Massachusetts, RMAT advances policies and initiatives that address climate risks, enabling the safeguarding of infrastructure and operations from climate-related disruptions. RideApp Formerly referred to as Transportation Network Companies (TNC), RideApp companies use online platforms to connect passengers with drivers who use their personal vehicles. Examples include Uber™ and Lyft™. Runway Incursion Mitigation (RIM) Study A comprehensive analysis conducted by airports to identify, prioritize, and develop strategies to reduce the risk of runway incursions. Runway incursions occur when an unauthorized aircraft, vehicle, or person enters the Airport's designated area for aircraft landings or takeoffs. A RIM study enhances runway safety by addressing risk factors such as unclear taxiway markings, airport signage, and complex runway or taxiway layouts. Runway Safety Area (RSA) A defined area surrounding the runway consisting of a prepared surface suitable for reducing the risk of damage to aircraft in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway. Scope 1, Scope 2, Scope 3 • Scope 1 emission sources are owned or controlled by Massport, including: Gound support vehicles, Massport shuttles, and stationary sources, like boilers. • Scope 2 emissions are from using electricity generated off-Airport at power plants. • Scope 3 emissions come from aircraft, ground service equipment (GSE) and auxiliary power units (APUs), and vehicles traveling to and from the Airport. Section 61 Findings and Mitigation Commitments Massport prepares Section 61 Findings for projects that are subject to MEPA and require state permits. Massachusetts General Law Chapter 30, Section 61 authorizes state agencies with permitting responsibilities to make an official determination regarding potential impacts from a proposed project and whether impacts have been avoided, minimized, and mitigated for, as appropriate. Small Hub An airport that accommodates 0.05 to 0.25 percent of annual commercial enplanements in the U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System A system that generates electricity from sunlight. Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan Required by the EPA for facilities, such as the Airport, that store, handle, or use oil, which outlines how the facility will prevent oil spills and manage spills if they occur. Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) A required plan developed by a NPDES permit holder that describes measures and actions the permit holder will take to prevent pollutants from reaching stormwater or the environment. XXXV Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Sustainability The practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, by balancing environmental, social, and economic considerations. Airports Council International - North America (ACI-NA) expands on this concept for an airport setting by emphasizing a holistic approach to managing assets to promote economic viability, operational efficiency, natural resource conservation, and social responsibility, often referred to as the EONS approach. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) A more environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional jet fuel, derived from renewable resources, which can reduce the carbon footprint and environmental impact of air travel. SAF plays a crucial role in helping the aviation industry meet emission reduction targets and sustainability goals. Tenant Alteration Application (TAA) An internal Massport process for tenants who want to make modifications to their leasehold. Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) FAA annual forecast estimate of aviation activity projections, including passenger enplanements, operations, and cargo volumes, for U.S. commercial airports. Terminal Area Planning Projects designed to modernize and enhance airport facilities to improve passenger experience, operational efficiency, and safety. Time Above (TA) A metric indicating the total minutes that sound levels, typically from aircraft, exceed a specified threshold (e.g., "TA65" for 65 dB). While often used for a 24-hour average annual day, it can represent any time period, and any threshold can be used. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) A federal agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment by enforcing regulations and setting standards for air, water, and land quality. Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel (ULSD) A cleaner-burning diesel fuel with significantly reduced sulfur content, mandated by environmental regulations to lower emissions of sulfur oxides and particulates, which is vital for compliance with air quality standards and reducing environmental impact from diesel engines. Ultra-Low-Cost Carrier (ULCC) Airlines which generally offer the lowest fares for air travel, but these airlines generally operate fewer types of aircraft less frequently and at less convenient times than more expensive carriers. These airlines offer few amenities, which usually are an extra charge or fee beyond the airfare price. Underground Storage Tanks (UST) Belowground tanks primarily used for storing liquids like aviation fuel, and their operation and maintenance are closely regulated. XXXVI Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Term (Acronym) Definition Upgauging Introducing larger aircraft with greater capacity on existing frequencies to accommodate demand, typically on routes previously using regional jet aircraft. Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) VMT is the total number of miles driven by all vehicles within the Airport over an established timeframe. Wide-body Aircraft Dual-aisle aircraft, typically with more than 200 seats per plane. Zero Impact Aviation Alliance (ZIAA) Partnering with Massport, the MIT-led Zero Impact Aviation Alliance is establishing a sustainable aviation fuel hub at Logan Airport. This project aims to significantly reduce the environmental impacts of aviation by leveraging innovations in sustainable fuels. Introduction and Executive Summary 1-1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 1. Introduction and Executive Summary The Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport or the Authority) has provided an extensive record of Boston Logan International Airport’s (Logan Airport or Airport) environmental trends, facility planning, aircraft operations , and passenger activity levels for over four decades. Massport continues its commitment to transparency with this Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 Environmental Data Report ( 2023/2024 EDR ). 1.1 Logan Airport Context Massport owns and operates Logan Airport, a crucial hub for Boston and New England's passenger and cargo transportation networks. As the Boston metropolitan area’s primary airport, the Airport is the main air service provider for passengers and a significant international gateway for transatlantic services. Located less than 3 miles from downtown Boston, the Airport spans about 2,400 acres in East Boston and Winthrop, including 700 acres in Boston Harbor. Logan Airport’s airfield comprises 6 runways, approximately 15 miles of taxiway, and about 240 acres of concrete and asphalt aprons. An airfield apron, also known as a ramp, is where aircraft are parked, loaded, unloaded, fueled, and maintained. The Airport has four interconnected passenger terminals, Terminals A, B, C, and E, each equipped with ticketing, baggage claim, and ground transportation facilities. Public transit lines, several direct bus lines, and a well-connected roadway system provide access to and from the Airport. Massport also offers on-Airport parking garages and Logan Express bus service for air passengers and employees from various park-and-ride lots in the metropolitan area. Logan Airport and its surroundings are illustrated in Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2 for context. For a translated version of this Introduction and Executive Summary , printed translations are available at each of the public libraries listed in Appendix D, and electronic translated versions are available on Massport’s EDR and ESPR website: https://www.massport.com/environme nt/boston-logan-edr-espr-data-portal Other language translations are available upon request. Please contact: (617) 568 3546 or community@massport.com . Introduction and Executive Summary 1-2 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Figure 1-1 Logan Airport Context – Aerial View Introduction and Executive Summary 1-3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 Figure 1-2 Logan Airport Context – Topographic View Introduction and Executive Summary 1-4 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1.1.1 Activity Levels This 2023/2024 EDR reports on recent trends in passenger activity levels and aircraft operations at Logan Airport with comparisons to historical benchmark years. The number of air passengers and aircraft operations grew in 2023 and 2024, with passenger activity levels at Logan Airport exceeding the 2019 pre-COVID peak with a record high of 43.5 million passengers by 2024. Aircraft operations levels were still 3 percent less than 2019 levels by the end of 2024. Even though passengers and flights increased, most environmental conditions improved compared to historical conditions, and Massport remains committed to implementing a broad range of environmental and operational measures to reduce impacts associated with Airport operations. Changes in environmental conditions from 2023 and 2024 are reported alongside discussions of trends and measures taken to reduce impacts in the following chapters of this 2023/2024 EDR. 1.1.2 Massport’s Investment in Logan Airport Massport continues to enhance Logan Airport’s safety, security, operational efficiency, and accessibility while monitoring the environmental effects of its activities. Recent and on-going terminal area projects will provide seamless post-security connectivity between the terminals and improve passengers’ travel experience through consolidated security checkpoint areas. Massport also prioritizes access to areas around Logan Airport, and works with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to enhanc e airside safety by improving Runway Safety Areas (RSA) and simplifying airfield geometry. 1 See Chapter 4, Airport Planning , to learn more about on-going improvement projects at Logan Airport. In addition to development projects, Massport remains committed to implementing project-related mitigation strategies, as documented in Chapter 10, Project Mitigation. In addition to the routine funding requests to advance the Roadmap to Net Zero by 2031 (Roadmap to Net Zero) program, in 2023, the Board of Directors voted to approve $500 million to advance Net Zero projects, laying the groundwork for future emissions reductions over the next five years. More on Massport’s Roadmap to Net Zero efforts are included in Chapter 11, Sustainability and Climate Resilience, Section 11.2. 1 Airfield geometry refers to the dimensions, orientation, condition, and number of runways on an airport’s campus. Introduction and Executive Summary 1-5 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 1.2 ESPR and EDR Purpose The 2023/2024 EDR is part of an annual series of environmental review documents Massport submits to the Secretary of the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) , in accordance with the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) . 2 The 2023/2024 EDR continues Massport's established state-level environmental review process, which assesses the cumulative environmental impacts of activities associated with Logan Airport. These documents provide the current and historical context for individual projects at Logan Airport that meet state and federal environmental review thresholds, as well as report on the cumulative environmental effects of Logan Airport’s operations and activities. For more on the purpose of the Environmental Status and Planning Reports (ESPRs) and EDRs, section User’s Guide Section U1.3 . Following EEA's review of the 2022 ESPR , Massport was directed to prepare this 2023/2024 EDR according to a scope established by the Secretary's Certificate on the 2022 ESPR dated October 18, 2024. This EDR fulfills the requirements outlined in the Secretary’s Certificate on the 2022 ESPR and responds to the comments within the Secretary’s Certificate and as well as those submitted by other commenters. The Certificate and comment responses are included in Appendix A, MEPA Certificates and Responses to Comments . A Spanish translation of this chapter is included after the English version of the Executive Summary. Translations of the Executive Summary into Haitian Creole, Simplified Chinese, and Portuguese are available electronically and also in print at local libraries as noted in Appendix D, Distribution List and on Massport’s website at https://www.massport.com/environment/project-environmental-filings/boston-logan . A Babel Notice informing readers how to access language translation services and request project materials in a specific language for the 2023/2024 EDR is also available in Vietnamese, Russian, Mon-Khmer, Arabic, and Korean. To request additional translation services, please contact Brad Washburn, Massport, by phone at (617) 568-3546 or by email at community@massport.com . 1.2.1 Project-Specific Reviews Massport’s EDR is a unique document within the MEPA process. Unlike other MEPA documents, the ESPRs and the annual EDRs are not “projects” within the typical MEPA framework. The documents do not take 2 Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 30, Sections 61-62H. MEPA is implemented by regulations published at 301 Code of Massachusetts Regulations (CMR) 11.00 (“the MEPA Regulations”). Individua also und review if environm review th This 2023/2024 EDR provides updates on the following topics: • Community Outreach and Environmental Justice • Activity Levels • Airport Planning • Logan Airport’s Regional Transportation Network Role • Airport Ground Access • Noise Abatement • Air Quality and Emissions • Water Quality and Environmental Compliance • Project-Specific Mitigation Efforts • Sustainability and Climate Resilience Introduction and Executive Summary 1-6 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR the place of any individual project filings subject to MEPA, nor do they serve as approval for any specific activity. Rather, as their titles indicate, the ESPRs and EDRs report on Logan Airport’s general operating activities and environmental conditions. Logan Airport projects undergo a project-specific, public environmental review process when MEPA environmental review thresholds are met. When required pursuant to MEPA, Massport and Airport tenants submit Environmental Notification Forms (ENFs) and Environmental Impact Reports (EIRs) . If a project triggers a National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) environmental review, the project is reviewed under the FAA’s NEPA environmental review process. Chapter 4, Airport Planning , discusses current and potential future projects and their respective regulatory review status under MEPA, NEPA, or both, if applicable. Chapter 10, Project Mitigation , reports on the on-going implementation of required mitigation commitments made in project-specific MEPA filings. 1.2.2 Document Layout and Format In response to the comments within the Secretary of the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs’ Certificate , (see Appendix A) and Comment Letters received from the public (see Appendix B, Comment Letters and Responses to Comments ), Massport reviewed the full 2022 ESPR document in detail to assess ways to reduce the overall length of the 2023/2024 EDR document and streamline the content of future ESPR and EDR filings while ensuring the environmental data and key findings expected in each chapter are still included. As a result, Massport has made significant changes to improve overall accessibility and readability of the document and reduce its length. Namely, with the introduction of the User’s Guide and additions to the Environmental Filings webpage, readers can access more content related to the EDR and ESPR and updates can be made more frequently, as practicable. These changes should also enable Massport to return the EDRs to an annual reporting schedule. Content from each chapter was reorganized to focus on data from each reporting year individually, 2023 and 2024 for this EDR, within the main body text. The annual data analysis focuses on findings between the reporting years, the previous year (2022), and a topic-specific benchmark year, which was typically chosen as the year of the historic high at Logan Airport for the given metric. See User’s Guide, Section U1.2.2.1 for rationale behind the selection of each topic’s benchmark year. Where appropriate, supporting technical data used to develop findings was relocated to the technical appendices, while background information on the regulatory framework, methodologies, and further context was moved to the corresponding User’s Guide chapter. Introduction and Executive Summary 1-7 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 To enhance content accessibility and reduce technical jargon, glossary tables providing key terminology with definitions was added to assist readers. Key terminology is defined in bold, blue colored font when first used in the main text. The 2022 ESPR format, which also reduced large, information-dense blocks of text and added more visual elements with straightforward depictions of information, was continued within this EDR. Each chapter has color-coded block icons, or “tabs,” in the upper corner of each page with a unique color assigned to each chapter and corresponding chapter number icon centered in the color block. For electronic viewers, the table of contents preceding this chapter has been hyperlinked to allow the reader to easily jump to sections quickly. Chapter and section references within the main body of the text have also been bookmarked and hyperlinked. 1.2.2.1 User’s Guide For the first time, Massport is publishing a User’s Guide alongside this 2023/2024 EDR . The stand-alone document provides details on the regulatory framework, methodologies, models, model inputs, programs, and analyses used to create the EDRs and ESPRs. The User's Guide provides essential background information and context necessary to interpret these documents, which had previously been included within EDR and ESPR chapter text and technical appendices. Each chapter in this 2023/2024 EDR is accompanied by a User’s Guide chapter. This EDR includes several references throughout the chapters’ text to relevant sections of the User’s Guide where essential contextual information can be found. The electronic version of this 2023/2024 EDR includes User’s Guide references as hyperlinks embedded in the document text which will open the associated User’s Guide section when clicked. References to the User’s Guide will look like: User’s Guide, Section #.# . The User’s Guide will be reviewed and updated as necessary on ESPR years (every 5 years) to maintain accuracy and relevance. The User’s Guide updates will incorporate information on significant changes that occurred during the previous reporting cycle, like changes in regulatory requirements, modeling methodologies, or data collection approaches. However, these changes will also be addressed in the relevant EDR or ESPR chapters for the reporting years in which these changes occurred, then the information will be migrated to the User’s Guide during the next ESPR cycle. For more on the User’s Guide’s purpose, see User’s Guide, Section U1.1 . Each chapter has a unique color-coded block icon, or “tab,” with the chapter’s number inside the block, located in the upper page corner. This chapter’s example is below: 1 User’s Guide icons distributed within the EDR are hyperlinked to the Guide for easy navigation. Introduction and Executive Summary 1-8 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1.2.2.2 EDR/ESPR Webpage Massport developed a new online webpage specifically for EDR and ESPR filings. The website will contain documentation and links to EDR and ESPR materials in one place, providing easy access to each chapter of the most recent filings, notices for upcoming meetings, materials from prior meetings, prior ESPR and EDR filings, and the User's Guide. The webpage will also include links to data sources referenced within EDRs and ESPRs that provide some of the publicly available data used to develop the reports. These data sources are primarily hosted by Massport, other state and federal agencies, and other reputable sources. 1.3 2023 and 2024 Key Findings This section provides a brief overview by chapter of key findings at Logan Airport for the 2023 and 2024 reporting years. Additional information concerning Airport activities is provided in subsequent chapters. 1.3.1 Outreach and Environmental Justice Chapter 2, Outreach and Environmental Justice separates sustainability from the discussion on outreach and Environmental Justice (EJ) , in response to the 2022 ESPR Secretary’s Certificate, which is provided in the 2023/2024 EDR Appendix A. Chapter 2 discusses Massport's community outreach activities and EJ practices, in alignment with recent MEPA EJ policy changes, and outlines Massport's community engagement efforts, including ESPR and EDR outreach and philanthropic donations providing essential funding for community improvement programs. Massport’s sustainability , resiliency , and Roadmap to Net Zero initiatives are detailed in a new chapter, Chapter 11, Sustainability and Climate Resilience. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U2 . Outreach and Environmental Justice Massport is a member of MEPA’s Logan Airport Work Group, collaborating with state agencies, local government representatives, and community groups to identify potential supplemental mitigation measures to address environmental concerns from Logan Airport’s operations within EJ communities. Massport continues to expand outreach and provides translation services in languages spoken by at least 5 percent of the given population located within a 5-mile radius of Logan Airport or within Massport Community Advisory Committee (Massport CAC) communities, which currently includes eight languages as well as resources for further translation needs. As of 2024, Diversity STEM Scholarships has awarded a total of $92,000 in scholarships to 48 students of color who plan to pursue degrees in a STEM field. The scholarship amount was increased from $3,000 to $5,000 in 2023. Massport continued work started with the 2022 ESPR in this EDR by conducting an existing community conditions review following the new Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Cumulative Impact Analysis (CIA) Framework. Massport’s EDR/ESPR webpage is linked here: https://www.massport.com/en vironment/boston-logan-edr- espr-data-portal Introduction and Executive Summary 1-9 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 1.3.2 Activity Levels Chapter 3, Activity Levels studies the recent trends in passengers, operations, and cargo at Logan Airport. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U3 . Activity Levels Key Findings In 2023, Logan Airport handled 40.8 million passengers, increasing 13% from 2022. The Airport also conducted 395,146 aircraft operations in 2023. In 2024, Logan Airport saw 43.5 million passengers, increasing 6% from 2023. The Airport also conducted 413,409 aircraft operations in 2024. From 1998 to 2024, there was a 64 percent increase in annual passengers despite a 19 percent decrease in annual aircraft operations. In 2024, 47 airlines offered flights to 153 global destinations from Logan Airport; an increase from 2023, which had only 42 airlines serving 145 global destinations. 1.3.3 Airport Planning Chapter 4, Airport Planning describes recently completed and on-going projects as well as future planning concepts. By regularly updating this information, stakeholders can track various projects currently underway and get a preview of potential projects likely to begin over the coming years. Chapter 4 also discusses possible activities or projects that might require review under MEPA or NEPA regulations. In this chapter, projects are grouped into the following categories by airport area: ground access and parking; terminal areas; airside areas; service areas. Chapter 4 provides status information on on-going and planned projects. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U4 . Airport Planning Key Findings In 2024, design began on the Danvers Logan Express (formerly Peabody) location, construction began on the Framingham Logan Express garage addition, and preliminary design and permitting began on the Braintree Logan Express parking garage. These projects will facilitate and promote high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) and public transit ridership. The roadways associated with the Terminal C Canopy, Connector, and Roadway Projects were completed in 2023 and the project achieved Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) Gold certification. Introduction and Executive Summary 1-10 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Airport Planning Key Findings Environmental permitting for the Runway 15R-33L Rehabilitation and Taxiway B North Rebilitation projects were completed in 2023. In November 2023, construction on the Runway 15R-33L Rehabilitation project was completed. Feasibility and planning studies for FAA Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) improvements to accommodate FAA NextGen equipment began in 2024. The project is anticipated to be completed in 2026. 1.3.4 Regional Transportation Chapter 5, Regional Transportation reports on Logan Airport’s role in the wider New England transportation system, which includes other airports, highways, ports, and rail connections. Logan Airport, which is the largest of three airports run by Massport, is the main domestic and international entry point for the Boston Metropolitan Area and the New England region. Chapter 5 details transportation planning for the New England region for various transportation modes, presenting 2023 and 2024 aircraft and passenger activity levels as well as on-going and up-coming projects at airports in New England. Recent rail service statistics for Amtrak are presented and analyzed, as rail transportation is an alternative to air travel via Logan Airport and is increasingly being utilized, especially between Boston, New York City, and Washington, D.C. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U5 . Regional Transportation Key Findings New England regional airports, excluding Logan Airport, served approximately 16.7 million passengers in 2023 and 17.9 million passengers in 2024. New England’s 10 regional airports served 29 percent of New England’s passengers in 2023 and 2024. The remaining 71 percent of passengers were accommodated at Logan Airport. New England regional airports, excluding Logan Airport, conducted 650,418 aviation operations in 2024, a 3 percent increase from 2023 (631,170 operations). Amtrak rail services experienced a significant 25.7 percent increase in ridership from Boston-area stations in 2023, compared to 2022, with strong performance across all four routes servicing the Greater Boston area. Ridership continued to increase again in 2024. 4% higher than 2019 in 2024 71% 29% 4% higher than 2022 in 2024 Introduction and Executive Summary 1-11 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 1.3.5 Ground Access to and From Logan Airport Chapter 6, Ground Access evaluates trends in surface transportation modes used to access the Airport, including personal vehicles, shared ride services or Ride App services, shuttles, and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) modes. Post-pandemic research indicates Logan Airport continues to be one of the top U.S. airports in terms of airport passengers and employees that routinely utilize HOV and public transit modes of transportation. Most ground transportation services available in 2023 and 2024 showed increased ridership over 2022, demonstrating the use of the various access modes to Logan Airport, and exceeding 2022 performance targets. Massport continues to monitor conditions at the Airport and among surrounding areas in order to offer ground access programs to meet the needs of air passengers and Logan Airport employees and to reduce environmental and community impacts. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U6 . Ground Access Key Findings Average weekday on-Airport vehicle miles traveled (VMT) was 171,340 average daily miles traveled in 2023 and 192,554 average daily miles in 2024. High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) mode share reached 43 percent, according to the 2024 Logan International Airport Air Passenger Ground-Access Survey. Ridership on Logan Express reached an all-time high in 2024, exceeding 2023 levels by over 13percent. Massport continued to promote and improve HOV modes in 2023 and 2024, by purchasing ten replacement Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Silver Line buses, constructing and planning for more parking spaces at Logan Express sites, adjusting rates and schedules, and more. 8% lower than 2019 (in 2024) Introduction and Executive Summary 1-12 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1.3.6 Noise Chapter 7, Noise discusses the noise levels around the Airport in 2023 and 2024 and Massport’s on-going efforts to decrease aviation related noise at Logan Airport. Airport noise is measured using comprehensive flight information and the FAA's Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) noise model, which calculates noise exposure levels in decibels (dB) . Chapter 7 also describes Massport's recent efforts to manage the impacts of noise on surrounding communities and on-going history of noise abatement over the past four decades. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U7 . Noise Key Findings The exposed population in the 65 dB contour included 8,797 people in 2023, marking a 7 percent increase from 2022. In 2024, the population in the 65 dB contour decreased to 7,980 people, lower than the population within the 2019 and 2022 contour. Massport restarted the Residential Sound Insulation Program (RSIP) , conducting sound insulation treatment pilot tests with a group of 10 homes in Revere and Winthrop in 2023. In 2024, Massport progressed design drawings and began soliciting bids for contractors to support the RSIP’s implementation. Noise complaint calls decreased year over year, with 218,830 noise complaint callers in 2023 and 212,423 callers in 2024. Massport was recognized with the 2025 Jay Hollingsworth Speas Airport Award for its collaborative work with the FAA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the community on noise reduction efforts. 1.3.7 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Chapter 8, Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions provides details about Logan Airport's air emissions in 2023 and 2024 in comparison to historical data. Airport emissions generally come from various sources including aircraft, ground service equipment (GSE) , vehicles, buildings, and stationary sources. Tracking these emissions each year helps identify trends and enables future planning to reduce these emissions, including initiatives to advance Massport's Roadmap to Net Zero. Emissions are greatly influenced by aircraft activity levels, which have increased each year following the pandemic. However, technological advancements and energy-efficient strategies enacted by Massport help to reduce overall emissions and are expected to result in future emission levels remaining below historical levels. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U8 . 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 2022 2023 2024 Introduction and Executive Summary 1-13 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 Air Quality and GHG Emissions Key Findings Total modeled airport related emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and carbon monoxide (CO) increased in 2023 over 2022 levels. In 2024, total modeled airport-related emissions of VOCs, NOX, CO, and particulate matter (PM10/PM2.5) increased from 2023. In 2023, total PM10/PM2.5 emissions from all airport- related sources at Logan were 44 percent lower than 2022 levels. The decrease is attributed to modeling software updates which provided a more accurate calculation of PM2.5 and PM10 emission rates as well as more efficient vehicle technology and lower fuel use in non-mobile sources, such as generators and snow melters. In 2023 and 2024, Logan Airport’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remained below 2019 GHG levels. The GHG emissions breakdown from 2023 and 2024 by scope is as follows: • Massport-controlled, Scope 1 emissions represented 4 percent of Airport-wide GHG emissions in 2023 and 5 percent in 2024; • Indirect emissions from Scope 2 purchased electricity represented 7 percent of Airport- wide GHG emissions in 2023 and 2024; and • Scope 3 emissions, which are tenant owned and controlled, represented 89 percent of total Logan Airport GHG emissions in 2023 and 2024. Total GHG emissions in 2023 increased by 19 percent from 2022 levels. The changes in GHGs are attributable to increases in operational and passenger activity levels, as well as an increase in electrical usage due to the modernization and the expansion of Terminal E. Logan Airport’s total GHG emissions in 2023 and 2024 were both 1 percent of the most recent statewide total emissions estimates and 12 percent and 13 percent, respectively, of Boston’s citywide emissions. 1.3.8 Water Quality Chapter 9, Water Quality discusses the Airport’s compliance with state and federal environmental regulations. Through regular monitoring and documentation of environmental conditions, Massport regularly assesses the Airport’s environmental compliance program performance, including conditions like stormwater quality; fuel use and storage; and spill control and countermeasures. Massport is also continually developing, implementing, and evaluating new ways to maintain compliance standards while striving to improve policies and programs beyond regulatory mandates. This includes implementing Logan Airport’s Sustainability Management Plan (SMP); managing stormwater; minimizing water use and surface water runoff; maintaining fuel storage and spill reporting compliance; performing environmental inspections; and improving plans and procedures to prevent pollution from accessing the surrounding environment. For more context on this chapter, refer to User’s Guide, Section U9 . Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Introduction and Executive Summary 1-14 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Water Quality Key Findings In 2023, Massport was issued a new National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) with several different water quality testing requirements and limitations. Massport began monitoring water quality testing with the new permit in November 2023. No exceedances of discharge limitations per the NPDES permit were found in 2023 water quality testing results. In 2024, over 98 percent of stormwater samples collected were in compliance with the discharge limitations per the NPDES permit and no per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compounds were found above the detection limit in 2024. Massport continues to assess and remediate Massachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP) sites associated with Logan Airport. In 2023, Massport brought three sites to regulatory closure and closed one MCP site in 2024. 1.3.9 Project Mitigation The Section 61 mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 10, Project Mitigation, are specific to individual projects and generally include the steps taken to avoid and minimize potential environmental impacts through project design, construction, or during on-going operations. The status of Logan Airport projects with active Section 61 commitments are presented in Chapter 10, while additional environmental measures are discussed in Chapter 11, Sustainability and Climate Resilience. Within the traditional MEPA process, “project mitigation” refers to specific project measures to “avoid, minimize, and mitigate environmental impacts.” For the EDR, the chapter associated with mitigation efforts include: project- specific mitigation required under Massachusetts General Law (MGL) c. 30, §§ 61 ( Section 61 Findings and Mitigation Commitments ) for projects required to prepare a state EIR; community commitments; and other environmental measures. For more information on Project Mitigation, see User’s Guide, Section U10 . Project Mitigation Key Findings Within the MEPA process, Project Mitigation refers to specific project measures to “avoid, minimize and mitigate environmental impacts.” Project mitigation commitments outlined within a required Environmental Impact Report (EIR) for a project are required by law under Massachusetts General Law (MGL) Chapter 30, Section 61. Massport continues to track its mitigation commitments, and report their status in the EDR. As of December 2024, four projects at Logan Airport have on-going Section 61 commitments. Introduction and Executive Summary 1-15 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 1 1.3.10 Sustainability and Climate Resilience Chapter 11 , Sustainability and Climate Resilience details Massport’s proactive sustainability and resiliency programs as well as community initiatives, such as the Airport’s open spaces and edge buffers initiatives. An overview and update on Massport’s commitment to achieving net zero emissions , as described in Massport’s Roadmap to Net Zero program, is provided in this chapter. An analysis on Logan Airport’s climate hazard exposure projected for 2030 and 2050 is also included in Chapter 11 alongside Massport’s approach to mitigate climate change impacts through resiliency programs. Sustainability and Climate Resilience Key Findings Massport created the Office of Climate Innovation and Resilience (OCIR) to lead environmental and climate action at Massport, in collaboration with several key departments. The OCIR also leads Massport’s Roadmap to Net Zero program, which recently launched a website to track progress on the Roadmap to Net Zero. The website ( https://www.massport.com/environment/roadmap- to-net-zero ) provides the public with relevant background, data, and regular updates on key projects all in one place. Massport continued its transition to electric vehicles (EVs) by acquiring 34 more electric or hybrid vehicles in 2024, increasing the share of electrified vehicles to 20 percent of the fleet. These new EVs include two electric buses for airside passenger transport in 2024 and an electric street sweeper in 2023, advancing the use of heavy-duty EVs in its operations. In 2023, Massport launched a pilot Renewable Diesel program to evaluate the widespread use of renewable diesel as a cleaner alternative to conventional diesel in its fleet of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, including buses. Massport published major updates to its Sustainability Design Guidelines (SDGs) and Floodproofing Design Guide, enhancing the Roadmap to Net Zero and climate resiliency objectives through accessible standards and policy. Introduction and Executive Summary 1-16 1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR This Page Intentionally Left Blank. Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-1 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2 2. Outreach and Environmental Justice Massport is committed to fostering strong relationships with the communities surrounding Logan Airport by prioritizing community engagement and effective outreach strategies. Massport has participated in and initiated programs that directly benefit neighboring communities, as described in this chapter and the 2022-2023 Massport Sustainability, Net Zero, and Resiliency Report . 1 To increase community awareness of Logan Airport’s projects and programs, Massport has developed project-specific as well as EDR and ESPR program-specific outreach initiatives. EDR and ESPR community outreach efforts include an expanded distribution list, translation into languages commonly spoken within these communities, and frequent engagement with the public at local meetings. In addition, Massport participates in the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act Office’s (MEPA) Logan Airport Work Group (the Work Group), which brings together state agencies, local government representatives, and community groups to identify potential beneficial air quality measures within the communities of East Boston, Winthrop, and Chelsea. Although the Work Group’s efforts will conclude in early 2026, Massport will continue to meet with community groups to further engage in Logan Airport’s environmental conditions. In addition to summarizing the status of Massport’s 2023 and 2024 outreach programs, this chapter characterizes environmental justice (EJ) populations within the vicinity of Logan Airport by building on the public health existing conditions assessment conducted for the 2022 ESPR . It presents findings from the newly released Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) Cumulative Impact Analysis (CIA) Framework. Massport continues to follow regulatory frameworks and serves as a responsive partner in reporting and engaging with the surrounding community through these efforts. 1 2022-2023 Massport Sustainability, Net Zero, and Resiliency Report. Massport 2024. https://www.massport.com/environment/sustainability Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-2 2 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2023 Outreach and Environmental Justice Key Findings The following details key findings of outreach and environmental justice efforts at the Airport in 2023: • For this EDR and future EDRs and ESPRs, Massport has expanded its EJ outreach to provide translation services in languages spoken by at least 5 percent of the population located within 5 miles of Logan Airport and among the 35 Massport Community Advisory Committee (Massport CAC) communities. For this EDR, this includes eight languages. 2024 Outreach and Environmental Justice Key Findings The following details key findings of outreach and environmental justice efforts at the Airport in 2024: • Massport is a member of MEPA’s Logan Airport Work Group, which was established following the 2022 ESPR Secretary’s Certificate. The Work Group has brought together state agencies, local government representatives, and community groups to identify potential air quality beneficial measures within the communities of East Boston, Winthrop, and Chelsea. • An updated assessment of existing community conditions was developed using the newly released MassDEP CIA Framework . The framework provides tools for public health assessments and environmental indicators, offering more detailed data than previously available tools. 2.1 Massport Community Engagement Massport has and will continue to champion community benefits and robust community engagement. Working in concert with government, community, and civic leaders throughout Massachusetts and New England, Massport is actively engaged in advancing environmental initiatives and expanding community programs for residents living near Massport’s facilities. Table 2-1 provides an overview of the community giving program and progress for 2023 and 2024. Refer to the User’s Guide, Section U2.1 for a more comprehensive list of Massport’s past community giving. Table 2-1 2023 and 2024 Massport Community Giving and Engagement Summary Program 2023/2024 Update Massport Charitable Contribution Program • Massport’s Charitable Contribution Program is intended to assist non- profit programs in neighboring communities with grants to support their missions. • In Fiscal Year (FY) 23, Massport supported 55 organizations with $260,000 in grants. • In FY24, Massport supported 58 organizations with $280,000 in grants. Massport employees participate in various community activities throughout the year, including a children’s winter coat drive, Veterans Day initiatives, a Thanksgiving food drive, a children’s backpack drive, a donation drive for a women’s shelter, and community beautification projects. Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2 Table 2-1 2023 and 2024 Massport Community Giving and Engagement Summary Program 2023/2024 Update Community Summer Jobs • Massport’s Community Summer Jobs Program provides grants to help civic and social services agencies hire youth employees for the summer. • In 2023, Massport awarded $650,000 for 275 youth employment positions to 30 neighborhood organizations. • In 2024, Massport awarded $680,000 for 285 youth employment positions to 29 neighborhood organizations. East Boston Foundation, South Boston Foundation, and Winthrop Foundation • Community foundation payments are based on project milestones. The funding is used to support organizations in their neighborhoods with programming grants. • In 2023, Massport provided $1.3M in community foundation payments to the East Boston, South Boston, and Winthrop Foundations. • In 2024, Massport provided $150,000 to the South Boston Foundation. NeighborHealth • Beginning in 2014, as a result of the Logan Airport Health Study, Massport provides annual funding to NeighborHealth (formerly the East Boston Neighborhood Health Center). • This partnership helps to expand the efforts of their Pediatric Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Prevention and Treatment Program in East Boston and Winthrop. The program offers services that include screenings for children, distribution of asthma kits, and home visits to support families. • Massport provides $340,000 to support these programs each year. • As of 2024, 554 patients were enrolled. Diversity Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Scholarships and Memorial Scholarships • Each year, Massport awards 2 Diversity STEM Scholarships and 4 Memorial Scholarships to local students for $5,000 each. • As of 2024, Massport has awarded $340,000 in scholarships to 96 students. Pathways Internship Program • In 2023, the law enforcement internship program was extended to UMass Boston, aiming to attract diverse talent, including students of color and women. Since the program began, three students have been hired full-time by Massport. Aviation and Maritime STEM Expo • In 2023, the annual onsite STEM Expo in collaboration with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was resumed after a three-year COVID-19 hiatus. The event featured over 50 exhibits and 35 aircraft, and attracted more than 1,000 students interested in aviation, technology, transportation, and sustainability careers. • In 2024, approximately 2,000 8th-grade and high school students representing 48 schools from the New England region attended the annual Aviation & Maritime STEM Expo. The event showcased an experimental electric airplane, a Boston MedFlight emergency aircraft, snow removal equipment, and many other vehicle and plane displays. Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-4 2 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2.2 Community and Environmental Justice Outreach Massport, through its Community Relations & Government Affairs Department and the Massport CAC, has demonstrated a consistent commitment to engaging with nearby communities and enhancing the quality of life of Massport’s neighbors. This section outlines Massport’s public outreach practices, including its comprehensive EJ and translation policies. These practices inform Massport’s strategy across both specific projects and broader filings such as EDRs and ESPRs. Included are particular measures taken to ensure thorough, inclusive, and accessible communication through public involvement. Additionally, this section highlights Massport's continued evolution in its approach to community engagement, with recent expansions in outreach efforts and the addition of pre-filing public information sessions for projects in the MEPA process. 2.2.1 Regulatory Framework Massport continues to comply with the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) - enacted Climate Roadmap Act, the MEPA Public Involvement Protocol for Environmental Justice Populations, and the MEPA Interim Protocol for Analysis of Project Impacts on Environmental Justice Populations (2022 EJ Protocols) for individual projects at Logan Airport filed with MEPA. 2 While Massport’s EDR and ESPR filings are not formally subject to these recent regulations and protocols as they are not projects, Massport voluntarily complies with these protocols. Following these regulations and protocols, the 2023/2024 EDR defines the designated geographic area (DGA) as a 1-mile radius from the outer perimeter of Logan Airport, consistent with 301 Code of Massachusetts Regulations (CMR) 11.02 and the 2022 ESPR . The DGA is utilized for characterizing EJ populations within the vicinity of the Airport, assessing existing health conditions, and, at a minimum, determining the extent of outreach for the 2023/2024 EDR . Characterization is conducted through the analysis of census tracts within the DGA and block groups , which are smaller subsets of a census tract. Census tracts are small statistical subdivisions of municipalities with a targeted population size of 4,000 people. Block groups divide census tracts into smaller subsets of around 1,200 residents. 3 As discussed in the following sections, Massport strives to provide comprehensive outreach on the on-going and upcoming activities and operations at Logan Airport to neighboring communities. A map of the EJ populations within the DGA (1-mile) is illustrated in Figure 2-1 . 2.2.2 Massport’s History of Community Outreach Massport has conducted and continues to conduct comprehensive outreach to the surrounding communities through its Community Relations & Government Affairs Department. This department manages Massport’s relations with community members and government officials, furthering Massport’s 2 EEA. 2021. MEPA Interim Protocol for Analysis of Project Impacts on Environmental Justice Populations. https://www.mass.gov/doc/final-mepa-interim-protocol-for-analysis-of-project-impacts-on-environmental-justice-populations- effective-date-of-january-1-2022/download. 3 United States Census Bureau, 2025. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/about/glossary.html#par_textimage_13 Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-5 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2 goal of being a good neighbor. The department implements Massport’s public engagement practices, which are tailored on a project-by-project basis to meet community needs and for the annual EDRs and ESPRs. Additionally, Massport relies on input from the Massport CAC to serve as the formal government representatives for the 35 communities surrounding Massport facilities, thereby fostering a strong relationship of continued collaboration and cooperation. Massport CAC meetings are open to the public, both during the meeting and after, through published recordings. These meetings are also announced with sufficient notice for the public to attend. 4 2.2.3 Project-Specific Massport Public Involvement Practices The Community Relations & Government Affairs Department directs Massport’s EJ and community outreach for projects subject to MEPA review . Massport identifies EJ block groups within a 1-mile radius and a 5-mile radius 5 for a Project Area as part of the DGA for MEPA project filings on projects occurring after the enactment of the Environmental Justice Policy of the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (2021 EJ Policy) and 2022 EJ Protocols. 2.2.4 ESPR Public Involvement Practices and Outreach This EDR, like previous Massport EDR and ESPR filings, voluntarily offers an extension to the typical 30-day MEPA public comment period. Throughout the development of the 2023/2024 EDR , Massport enhanced public involvement and outreach through continuing practices initiated within the 2022 ESPR and through participation in MEPA’s Logan Airport Work Group, which is discussed in subsequent sections. Additionally, Massport’s Community Relations & Government Affairs Department provides oral updates on on-going projects and programs at Logan Airport, including ESPRs and EDRs, through its participation in neighborhood meetings. Further information on project-specific Massport outreach policies can be found in the User’s Guide, Section U2.3 . 2.2.4.1 Translation Starting with the 2022 ESPR , Massport has expanded EJ outreach and the subsequent EJ Reference List to EJ populations within 5 miles of the Airport and translates the document into languages spoken by at least 5 percent of the census tract’s population who do not speak English well or at all within 5 miles of Logan Airport, as well as within Massport CAC communities. Table 2-2 provides a list of languages spoken by more than 5 percent of the population who “do not speak English very well,” within 5 miles of Logan Airport and within the 35 Massport CAC communities. 6 The table also denotes how Massport incorporated these languages into the EJ and community outreach strategy. 4 Massport CAC. https://massportcac.org/ 5 EJ populations within 5 miles of standard individual projects undergoing MEPA review are typically depicted in a figure, while EJ populations within 1 mile are detailed in a table and analyzed for disproportionate adverse effects. If the project exceeds an air quality threshold, the project is subject to a disproportionate adverse effects analysis for all EJ populations within 5 miles. 6 MEPA Public Involvement Protocol for Environmental Justice Populations. January 1, 2022. https://www.mass.gov/doc/final-mepa- public-involvement-protocol-for-environmental-justice-populations-effective-date-of-january-1-2022/download Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-6 2 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Table 2-2 Massport Enhanced Language Access Massport Expanded Outreach Languages Spoken by Greater Than 5% of Population within DGA Spanish Portuguese Simplified Chinese Haitian Creole Vietnamese Russian Mon-Khmer Arabic Notification of Availability Full Translation X X X X Babel Notice X X X X Chapter 1, Introduction and Executive Summary Full translation X X 1 X 1 X 1 Email Filing Notification Full Translation X X X X Babel Notice X X X X Public Meetings Full Translation X X X X Babel Notice X X X X Interpreter Provided X Notes: Interpretation services for all languages listed above can be provided by Massport with at least 48 hour notice before a public meeting. 1 Available electronically on Massport’s website and at local libraries (see Appendix D, Distribution List ). Chapter 1, Introduction and Executive Summary , has been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, and Haitian Creole. The Spanish translation of Chapter 1 is included in all electronic and printed copies. Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, and Haitian Creole translations are available electronically via links to Massport’s website and are also available in print at local libraries (see Appendix D, Distribution List , for a list of the libraries that receive a copy). Massport intends to follow this translation approach for future public notices and summaries. In addition, Massport provided a Babel Notice for five additional languages. A Babel Notice informs readers, in English and other languages, how to access language translation services and how to request project materials in a specific language. The languages Massport included in the Babel Notice for the 2023/2024 EDR are Vietnamese, Russian, Mon-Khmer, Arabic, and Korean. Massport offered interpretation services in Spanish and additional languages upon request for public meetings. 2.2.4.2 MEPA’s Logan Airport Work Group Starting in February of 2025, Massport has been participating in MEPA’s Logan Airport Work Group, a working group co-led by MEPA and the EEA EJ Office. The purpose of the Work Group is to identify Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-7 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2 potential supplemental beneficial measures related to air quality in communities neighboring the Airport. The recurring members of the Work Group include: • EEA MEPA Office (co-moderator); • EEA Environmental Justice and Equity Office (co-moderator); • Massport; • MassDOT; • MassDEP Air and Climate Programs; • Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MassDPH) Environmental Epidemiology Program; • City of Boston: Air Quality Division; • City of Chelsea; • Massport CAC; • GreenRoots; • Conservation Law Foundation (CLF); • Airport Impact Relief Inc. (AIR Inc.); • Mothers Out Front (East Boston and Winthrop); and • Friends of Belle Isle Marsh. Initial Work Group agendas included presentations by MassDPH on their Logan Airport Health Study and Tufts, Boston University, and Olin College research on ultrafine particulate (UFP) matter monitoring around airports. Future Work Group meetings will include public health experts as recommended by members of the Work Group and presentations from Massport. The Work Group will continue to meet into early 2026 and will conclude with recommendations for supplemental beneficial measures related to air quality. The 2025 EDR will provide further updates on the status and conclusion of the work group. 2.2.4.3 Public Information Sessions Through work within MEPA’s Logan Airport Work Group, Massport has increased engagement with community groups that have frequently participated in past public information sessions and provided comments on previous EDRs, ESPRs, and other Massport projects. In 2025, Massport continued to meet with interested stakeholders to discuss airport activities further. Massport’s Community Relations & Government Affairs Department frequently attends neighborhood association meetings and other local meetings to provide verbal updates on current and upcoming projects and programs at Logan Airport as part of its regular community involvement. 2.3 Environmental Justice Populations Figure 2-1 shows EJ block groups within the DGA for Logan Airport and within a 5-mile radius of the Airport, as well as the 37 census tracts within the Logan Airport DGA. Of those, 26 census tracts contain at least one EJ block group, totaling 64 EJ block groups. Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-8 2 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Figure 2-1 EJ Populations within 1 and 5 Miles of Logan Airport Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-9 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2 The characterization of EJ block groups within the DGA is as follows: • 32 meeting minority criteria; • 3 meeting low-income criteria; • 14 meeting both minority and English isolation criteria; • 7 meeting both minority and income criteria; and • 8 meeting minority, income, and English isolation criteria. These characterizations are consistent with the 2022 ESPR . See Appendix E, Environmental Justice Supporting Documentation, Table E-2 to Table E-5 for a more detailed breakdown of EJ block group characteristics within the DGA. 2.4 Public Health Existing Conditions Review The 2022 ESPR included a review of existing public health conditions within the DGA (1 mile) of Logan Airport in response to a request from the MEPA Office. This review was conducted to identify existing environmental burdens 7 and related public health consequences 8 experienced by communities surrounding Logan Airport. Tools used for the existing conditions review are approved by MEPA and are included in the 2022 EJ Protocols. The tools used for the 2022 ESPR existing conditions review and this update are unable to differentiate Logan Airport-related activities from other surrounding activities and site uses. When Massport can differentiate airport impacts from those derived from different sources, the impacts and associated offsets are reported in the respective EDR chapters. Future filings will provide updates on existing public health conditions, as data becomes available. 7 Environmental burdens are defined by EEA as “any destruction, damage, or impairment of natural resources that is not insignificant, resulting from intentional or reasonably foreseeable causes, including but not limited to climate change, air pollution, water pollution, improper sewage disposal, dumping of solid wastes and other noxious substances, excessive noise, activities that limit access to natural resources and constructed outdoor recreational facilities and venues, inadequate remediation of pollution, reduction of ground water levels, impairment of water quality, increased flooding or storm water flows, and damage to inland waterways and waterbodies, wetlands, marine shores and waters, forests, open spaces, and playgrounds from private industrial, commercial or government operations or other activity that contaminates or alters the quality of the environment and poses a risk to public health.” 8 A public health consequence is designated by a rate of occurrence greater than 110 percent of the statewide rate of occurrence for DPH EJ Tool Vulnerable Health EJ Criteria data. Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-10 2 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2.4.1 Public Health Regulatory Context The 2022 ESPR used the tools listed below to conduct the existing public health conditions review for the DGA: • Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MassDPH) Environmental Justice Tool (DPH EJ Tool) Vulnerable Health EJ Criteria : The DPH EJ Tool presents vulnerable health criteria at the community level (heart attack and pediatric asthma) and the census tract level (low birth weight and elevated blood lead). Since the 2022 ESPR ’s filing, the DPH EJ Tool has not been updated. • DPH EJ Tool Potential Pollution Sources: The DPH EJ Tool was used to identify potential off-airport sources of pollution that may have affected, or may currently affect, communities, including EJ populations, within 1 mile of Logan Airport based on Vulnerable Health EJ Criteria. Since the 2022 ESPR ’s filing, the DPH EJ Tool Potential Pollutant Sources has not been updated. • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (U.S.EPA’s) EJScreen EJ Indexes: presents percentile ranking comparisons by census block group to statewide and national averages, respectively, for 13 EJ Indexes. EJ Indexes indicate a potential existing burden or heightened risk of burden on EJ populations within the DGA but are not specific to aviation activities and airport operations. Since the 2022 ESPR ’s filing, the U.S.EPA’s EJScreen has been removed from the U.S.EPA’s website and is no longer accessible. As demonstrated, since the publication of the 2022 ESPR , previously used data tools have not been updated. With approval from the MEPA Office, the 2023/2024 EDR has not repeated the existing conditions review of data sources that have not been updated. Findings from these tools were presented in Chapter 2 , Section 2.5 of the 2022 ESPR . In accordance with An Act Creating a Next-Generation Roadmap for Massachusetts Climate Policy , the MassDEP has implemented amendments to 310 CMR 7.00 Air Pollution Control, effective as of March 29, 2024. These amendments necessitate conducting a CIA as part of a Comprehensive Plan Application (CPA) 9 for facilities situated in or near EJ populations. The amendments include requirements for an assessment of existing community conditions following the MassDEP CIA Framework. 10 The assessment of existing community conditions includes identifying proximal EJ populations, sensitive receptors, and nearby regulated facilities, while assessing health conditions, air quality, and climate indicators within census tracts within the DGA. The Secretary’s Certificate (see Appendix A, MEPA Certificate and Responses to Comments ) directed the 2023/2024 EDR to include a section on existing 9 A Comprehensive Plan Application (CPA): is a detailed regulatory proposal submitted to the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, designed to address potential environmental impacts associated with facility operations. The CPA outlines plans for new or existing facilities, particularly focusing on air pollution control measures, compliance with state environmental regulations, and engagement with environmental justice communities. It includes assessments of potential emissions, strategies for minimizing environmental harm, and commitments to enhance public outreach and involvement of affected populations in the decision-making process. 10 MassDEP Guidance for Conducting Cumulative Impact Analysis for Air Quality Comprehensive Plan Applications. 2024. https://www.mass.gov/doc/guidance-for-conducting-cumulative-impact-analysis-for-air-quality-comprehensive-plan-applications- march-28-2024/download Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-11 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2 community conditions utilizing the MassDEP CIA Framework for air quality and climate indicators. The following sections report on methodology and findings from the MassDEP CIA Framework for air quality and climate indicators. To assess air quality and climate indicators, a comprehensive evaluation of existing community conditions was conducted, following the MassDEP CIA Framework. This assessment presented health conditions and air quality data at a more granular level (often down to the census tract) compared to data available during the preparation of the 2022 ESPR . Despite the increased granularity, findings for health conditions, air quality, and climate indicators remain consistent with those presented in the 2022 ESPR . 2.4.2 Existing Community Conditions Review Methodology The public health existing conditions review uses data made available by MassDEP on the CIA webpage. To obtain data for specific census tracts, a 1-mile buffer around Logan Airport was uploaded to MassDEP’s CIA mapping tool, which then pulled data for these tracts into workable data files. These data sources are publicly available, but they do not provide the level of detail necessary to demonstrate Logan Airport- specific activity. The existing community conditions review uses the same 1-mile radius as the DGA for the EJ existing conditions review. MassDEP CIA air quality and climate indicators are a series of seven environmental indicators (listed in Table 2-3 ) that quantify a census tract population’s risk as a percentile compared to state averages. Six environmental indicators overlap with those used by the U.S. EPA’s EJ Screen, as reported in the 2022 ESPR . Per the 2022 EJ Protocols, environmental indicators with a value greater than or equal to the 80 th percentile indicate a heightened risk of burden or an existing health consequence. Percentiles are valid for comparison purposes, but may not accurately portray burdens experienced by a community. EJ populations with rates of one or more of the environmentally related health indicators 110 percent above statewide rates, based on a five-year rolling average, exhibit vulnerable health EJ criteria. Table 2-3 Related Public Health Data Indicator Type MassDEP CIA Environmental Indicators Related Potential Sources of Pollution Related Vulnerable Health EJ Criteria Air Quality and Climate Indicators • Particulate Matter • Ozone • Diesel Particulate Matter • Impervious Surface 1 • Air Toxics Cancer Risk • Air Toxics Respiratory Hazard Index (HI) • Toxic Releases to Air • Traffic Proximity • Large quantity toxic users • Large quantity generators • Facilities with air operating permits • Proximity to roadways • Airport infrastructure • Non-electric rail infrastructure • Power plants • Construction activities • Heart Attack • Pediatric Asthma • Low Birth Weight • Pediatric Asthma Source: DPH, Environmental Public Health Tracking and Data, 2022. MassDEP CIA Framework, 2024. 1 Impervious Surface is the only environmental indicator that does not overlap with indicators in U.S.EPA’s EJScreen. Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-12 2 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2.4.3 MassDEP CIA Existing Community Conditions Review The following environmental indicators, averaged across the DGA, are equal to or above the 80 th percentile of the statewide rates, indicating a potential existing environmental burden for the area’s EJ populations. 11 Appendix E, Table E-8 provides values for each environmental indicator at a census tract level, including air quality and climate indicators. Despite the increased granularity of available data, this analysis is unable to differentiate Logan Airport-related activities from other surrounding activities. • The Diesel Particulate Matter (PM): represents the modeled annual average concentration of diesel PM in the air from all sources, including transportation and stationary emitters. The DGA’s diesel PM concentration is 0.34 micrograms per cubic meter ( μg/m 3 ). Logan Airport’s DGA location, adjacent to major highway corridors and dense industrial activity, likely contributes to elevated diesel PM concentrations. • Air Toxics Cancer Risk: This indicator reflects the estimated lifetime cancer risk per million people due to inhalation exposure to air toxics, based on the U.S.EPA’s AirToxScreen modeling. The DGA’s average cancer risk is 28.29 per million. These modeled risks are based on ambient concentrations and should be interpreted as estimates of general community-level exposure, not individual health outcomes. • Air Toxics Respiratory Hazard Index (HI): The respiratory HI measures the ratio of exposure concentrations to health-based reference concentrations for multiple hazardous air pollutants. A value greater than 1.0 would indicate a potential for adverse effects. In the DGA, the average respiratory HI is 0.36, suggesting DGA populations are more likely to be exposed to elevated ambient concentrations of air toxics associated with respiratory effects. • Traffic Proximity: This indicator measures the proximity of block groups to major roadways using a weighted combination of daily traffic counts and distance to roads, and is only reported for the 26 census tracts that contain EJ block groups. 12 The DGA’s median traffic proximity value is 14,185,603 with an average of 13,684,987. This value reflects Logan Airport’s urban location and proximity to major transportation infrastructure, including I-90, Route 1A, and the Sumner and Ted Williams tunnels. The value differs significantly from previous EJScreen-calculated results due to methodological differences. 11 U.S.EPA. Overview of Environmental Indicators in EJScreen. 12 The Traffic Proximity indicator in EJScreen is based on data from the US Department of Transportation National Transportation Atlas Database, Highway Performance Monitoring System. EJScreen reports traffic proximity as the count of vehicles per day (average annual daily traffic or AADT) at major roads within 500 meters (or nearest one beyond 500 m), divided by distance in meters (that is, the indicator is traffic counts weighted by distance from the block group). For Census Tract values, block groups within the DGA have been averaged Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-13 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 2 • Impervious Surface (percentage): This indicator represents the percentage of the land surface within a census tract that is covered by impervious materials such as pavement, which do not allow water infiltration. High impervious surface coverage is associated with increased urban heat island effects, reduced green space, and increased stormwater runoff. Within the DGA, the average impervious surface is 69 percent. The value reflects the dense urban and built-up character of the area, including Logan Airport. 2.4.4 Existing Community Conditions Review Conclusions Select census tracts with EJ and non-EJ populations within the DGA that meet the Vulnerable Health EJ Criteria, as established by EEA’s 2021 EJ Policy and 2022 EJ Protocols, were determined using MassDEP’s CIA existing community conditions framework. According to this public health existing conditions review, which utilized publicly available and validated data from government sources, both EJ and non-EJ populations within the DGA are likely to experience health consequences if these populations meet the Vulnerable Health EJ Criteria. Several census tracts within the DGA met Vulnerable Health EJ Criteria, with select census tracts showing elevated rates of health consequences, including heart attack, pediatric asthma, low birth weight, and elevated blood lead levels, which are correlated in the scientific literature with exposure to pollutants in air, potable water supplies, and soil or groundwater, as well as exposure to excessive noise levels. The findings of the public health existing conditions review are typical for a DGA centered around Boston. They are consistent with typical sources of pollution within metropolitan areas across the State and the U.S. MassDEP CIA Framework indicates that air quality and climate indicators are categorized as an environmental and health consequence when the census tract is in the 80 th percentile or greater compared to the State. These pollutants have been shown in scientific literature to be associated with transportation, manufacturing, construction, and other industrial activities. Some types of facilities where these activities occur, or source areas, include pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, factories, roadways, active construction sites, railyards, ports and shipping facilities, and airports. Currently, the scientifically validated data and technology needed to differentiate each of the pollution sources affecting these surrounding communities are not available. The scope and scale of source contributions cannot be directly quantified using current technology. Therefore, it is not possible at the time of filing this EDR to accurately assess what effects are under a source's direct control to address or what actions could be taken that would have a meaningful effect. Outreach and Environmental Justice 2-14 2 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR This Page Intentionally Left Blank. Activity Levels 3-1 3. Activity Levels Air passenger activity and aircraft operations at Logan Airport are reported in Environmental Status and Planning Reports (ESPRs) and Environmental Data Reports (EDRs), as well as provide input into operational and environmental analyses. Over the past several decades, despite increases in passengers and flights, most environmental conditions have improved due to cleaner and quieter aircraft, cars, trucks, and equipment, as well as more efficient buildings and Airport operations. Continued efforts by Massport, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) , and business partners have been key drivers for reducing the overall impact of Logan Airport operations. This chapter reviews current and recent trends in passenger levels, aircraft operations, takeoffs, and landings, with comparisons to historical benchmark years provided for context. The chapter then discusses how changes in these factors and trends have, or could, affect the environmental conditions at and around Logan Airport. Activity Levels Key Findings Table 3-1 provides a historical summary of aircraft operations and passenger activity levels for 2022, 2023, and 2024, as well as benchmark years where operations, cargo, and passengers reached the highest observed levels, 1998, 2000, and 2019, respectively. See User’s Guide, Section U1.2.2.1 for more background on the selected benchmark years. Activity Levels 3-2 3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Table 3-1 Air Passengers and Aircraft Operations, 1998, 2000, 2019, 2022-2024 Year Air Passengers Percentage Change from 2019 Aircraft Operations Percentage Change from 2019 1998 26,526,708 -37.6% 507,449 18.8% 2000 27,726,833 -34.8% 487,996 14.2% 2019 42,522,411 - 427,175 - 2022 36,090,716 -15.1% 378,613 -11.4% 2023 40,833,978 -4.0% 395,146 -7.5% 2024 43,500,033 2.3% 413,409 -3.2% Source: Massport. 3.1 Passenger, Aircraft Operations, and Cargo Activity Levels Greater Boston has historically experienced strong passenger growth driven by favorable economic conditions, low unemployment, a diverse job market, and on-going investments in commercial and residential real estate, particularly in the fields of life sciences, finance, healthcare, and higher education. Throughout 2023 and 2024, the U.S. airline industry continued to manage route economics, seat capacity, and operations. On-going issues related to supply chains, labor shortages, new aircraft delivery delays, and fuel costs pose challenges for airlines at Logan Airport and across the national system. 3.1.1 Air Passenger Service, Markets, and Activity Updated guidance released by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (U.S.DHS) in mid-May 2023 no longer required non-U.S. travelers entering the U.S. to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19. The decision contributed to the return of international traffic at Logan Airport and the recovery of the foreign tourist markets, an essential component of Logan Airport’s overall growth alongside domestic travel. Passenger activity in 2023 mirrored levels observed in 2018, and in 2024, Logan Airport exceeded 2019 levels as airlines resumed previously suspended services, added new destinations, and responded to strong market demand in the Greater Boston area. This section provides an update on key changes and emerging trends across the airline industry and at Logan Airport in 2023 and 2024, offering context for current air transport performance levels. For more background on commercial service passenger activity levels, refer to User’s Guide, Section U3.2 . Activity Levels 3-3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 3 3.1.1.1 Passenger Activity Levels Logan Airport has rebounded more rapidly than other airports nationally. These positive trends reflect the resilience and growth opportunities within Logan Airport’s regional market. Historically, factors contributing to increases in demand for air travel within Massachusetts and Greater Boston include: Economic growth and increased travel demand nationwide, particularly in leisure-oriented markets and business-related travel. Growth by airlines in response to local and national economic conditions, including jetBlue Airways (jetBlue), Delta Air Lines, and American Airlines at Logan Airport, along with emerging airline partnerships, which can expand service offerings and destinations. Introduction of new international destinations served by U.S. domestic and foreign carriers, which expands their respective route networks and increases travel appeal to a broader variety of potential customers; and Advancements in aircraft technology, including the introduction of longer-range aircraft equipped with fuel-efficient engines and new noise level reduction technologies. However, additional challenges and potential economic obstacles may impede activity level growth at Logan Airport, including: Economic slowdowns or uncertainty in economic development activity at the state, regional, national, or international level; Airline labor supply constraints, especially for pilots, flight crew, and maintenance services, along with supply chain disruptions that could delay delivery of aircraft, goods, or materials; Air traffic control labor shortages or other staffing issues that could impact daily operations and efficiency; Fluctuating fuel prices, limited fuel availability, or changes in fuel service providers or suppliers that could affect operations or consumer airfare costs; Future business and corporate travel policy trends, along with the evolving nature of business and conference event travel, and Regulatory challenges that impact Airport and airline operations, growth, or airline consolidation or solvency. Strong domestic activity was driven by resilient demand for leisure travel, particularly to destinations offering outdoor recreational activities and desirable weather conditions. Table 3-2 illustrates air passenger levels for 2023 and 2024. Activity Levels 3-4 3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Table 3-2 Air Passengers by Market Segment, 2019, 2022-2024 Market Segment 2019 2022 2023 2024 2022-2023 Percent Change 2023-2024 Percent Change Domestic 34,098,788 29,527,910 32,320,293 33,735,044 9.5% 4.4% Europe / Middle East / Africa 1 5,003,881 4,124,245 5,163,800 5,762,277 25.2% 11.6% Bermuda / Caribbean 2 1,278,045 1,322,723 1,669,082 1,897,441 26.2% 13.7% Canada 985,051 602,835 726,975 791,422 20.6% 8.9% Asia / Pacific 3 602,004 149,452 342,331 515,574 129.1% 50.6% Central / South America 449,012 250,745 504,313 693,241 101.1% 37.5% International 8,317,993 6,450,000 8,406,501 9,659,955 30.3% 14.9% General Aviation 105,630 112,806 107,184 105,034 -5.0% -2.0% Total Passengers 42,522,411 36,090,716 40,833,978 43,500,033 13.1% 6.5% Source: Massport, 2025. Notes: Reported international passengers include only international passengers using Logan Airport as an international gateway. A significant number of international origin and destination (O&D) passengers also board domestic flights from Logan Airport to connect to other U.S. gateways to international destinations. 1 Royal Air Maroc (RAM), a Moroccan air carrier, had not yet recommenced its service to Casablanca, Morocco (North Africa) by year-end 2024. 2 Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. 3 Starting in May 2019, Korean Air re-commenced service out of Boston with a direct connection to Seoul, Korea via Incheon International Airport (ICN). Figure 3-1 illustrates that domestic air travel has recovered more quickly than international air travel as foreign countries have gradually eased entry requirements and restrictions on border crossings for travelers. 2023 Air Passenger Activity Levels Logan Airport ranked as the 16 th busiest U.S. airport by passenger count in 2023. 1 Air travel passenger traffic rose by more than ten percent since 2022, signaling strong demand and the U.S. aviation industry approaching a new normal. Logan Airport's recovery lagged the national average, with 2023 total passenger counts still below 2019 levels, whereas total U.S. airport traffic had fully recovered by 2023. 2 1 U.S.DOT T-100 database. 2025. https://www.bts.gov/browse-statistical-products-and-data/bts-publications/data-bank-28ds-t- 100-domestic-segment-data 2 U.S.DOT T-100 database. 2025. https://www.bts.gov/browse-statistical-products-and-data/bts-publications/data-bank-28ds-t- 100-domestic-segment-data Activity Levels 3-5 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 3 Figure 3-1 Domestic, International, and GA Passenger Market Share Distribution, 2019, 2022-2024 Source: Massport. Note: Percentages may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding. 2024 Air Passenger Activity Levels Logan Airport remained the 16 th busiest U.S. airport by passenger count in 2024. 3 Passenger traffic increased from 2023, reflecting continued strong demand. In 2024, Logan Airport surpassed its 2019 passenger levels by approximately two percent, marking a full recovery since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. 3.1.1.2 Passenger Markets Logan Airport is primarily an Origin and Destination (O&D) market, meaning most passengers begin or end their journeys in Boston rather than connect through to other flights. The O&D metric and the percentage of passengers categorized as O&D types are key metrics for airports, indicating the proportion of passengers who are local versus connecting passengers . Logan Airport’s high O&D percentage share underscores its role as an essential gateway for international air traffic, reflecting the strength of the local market driven by robust demand from business, academic, and leisure travelers. 3 U.S.DOT T-100 database. 2025. https://www.bts.gov/browse-statistical-products-and-data/bts-publications/data-bank-28ds-t- 100-domestic-segment-data 80.2% 81.8% 79.2% 77.6% 19.6% 17.9% 20.6% 22.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2019 2022 2023 2024 Share of Annual Passengers (%) Domestic International General Aviation Activity Levels 3-6 3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR Figure 3-2 Distribution of Logan Airport Passengers by Market Segment, 2023-2024 Source: Massport, 2025. Note: General Aviation (GA) accounted for 0.3 percent and 0.2 percent of total Logan Airport passengers in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Figure 3-1 illustrates the market share between domestic and international passengers at Logan Airport. Table 3-2 presents historic passengers by market share. Figure 3-2 depicts the 2023-2024 Logan Airport passenger distribution by market segment, and Figure 3-3 illustrates the passenger destination distribution from 2019 to 2024. 2023 Passenger Markets Between 2022 and 2023, the domestic passenger segment continued to represent the largest share of total passengers. However, its relative share declined by 2.6 percentage points as international travel continued to rebound more strongly. The easing of pandemic-era travel restrictions, restoration of transatlantic and long-haul routes, and the introduction of new services contributed to the rebound. Compared to 2019, the share of international travelers increased by 1.0 percent, with Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa accounting for the largest portion of international traffic. Activity Levels 3-7 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 3 Figure 3-3 Logan Airport International Market Segment Passenger Distribution, 2019, 2022-2024 Source: Massport, 2025. 2024 Passenger Markets Between 2023 and 2024, the domestic passenger segment continued to decline as a share of total traffic, with its relative share falling by 1.6 percentage points. Meanwhile, international air travel increased by 2.6 percent in 2019 ( Figure 3-1) . Logan Airport has steadily expanded its international service. The combined Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa region remains a primary market, but flights to Bermuda, the Caribbean, and Central and South America have also grown notably. 3.1.1.3 Passenger Service by Airline A diverse mix of carriers has historically served passenger commercial air service at Logan Airport. Past reporting of passenger airline service characterized airlines by legacy carriers , such as American, Delta, and United Airways; Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) , such as jetBlue and Southwest Airlines; and Ultra-Low- Cost Carriers (ULCCs) , like Spirit Airlines, Frontier Airlines, and Sun Country Airlines. Each carrier group offers different levels of service and connectivity. Over the past decade, combined LCC and ULCC passenger activity levels have significantly increased traffic at the Airport, surpassing the volumes 60.2% 63.9% 61.4% 59.7% 15.4% 20.5% 19.9% 19.6% 11.8% 9.3% 8.6% 8.2% 7.2% 2.3% 4.1% 5.3% 5.4% 3.9% 6.0% 7.2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2019 2022 2023 2024 Share of Annual Passengers (%) Europe/Middle East/Africa Bermuda/Carribbean Canada Asia/Pacific Central/South America Activity Levels 3-8 3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR carried by individual legacy carriers at Logan Airport. 4 In this chapter, air passenger service is discussed in terms of two categories, Large Jet services and Regional Jet (RJ) services. In this context, the Large Jet and RJ categories are not directly associated with wide-body aircraft and narrow-body aircraft , which are terms used throughout the EDR as metrics for aircraft operations. Airlines use RJs to connect smaller and medium-sized communities with less demand to larger hub airports found in the metropolitan areas, where passengers often find connecting opportunities to longer flights or international destinations. Narrow-body aircraft refers to any single-aisle plane, ranging from small RJs to larger aircraft such as the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320 series, which are often used on longer routes. In this sense, “Regional Jet” is a distinct sub-segment within the broader narrow-body category. Refer to the User’s Guide, Section U3.3.1 , for definitions of these classifications and how they support passenger activity analyses. Figure 3-4 illustrates the annual passenger volumes of the six major airlines at Logan Airport. Overall, Logan Airport’s strong O&D market position and air travel demand have made it a strategic location for international expansion by jetBlue, Delta, American Airlines, and their global partner airlines. Foreign airlines have also introduced new nonstop services catering to O&D demand, enabling connection opportunities through airline code-share agreements and interline agreements . These partnerships with U.S. airlines, particularly on transatlantic routes, facilitate seamless international connections. The adoption of newer aircraft technology, including the A321LR/XLR and Boeing 737 MAX, enables airlines to expand their fleet capabilities and utilize smaller, more fuel-efficient aircraft to serve mid- sized origin-and-destination (O&D) markets, such as Boston. Additionally, the economic viability of using larger, longer-range wide-body aircraft, such as the Airbus A350, Boeing 787, and the upcoming Boeing 777X, supports increased global connectivity with fewer flights and greater seat capacity. 4 Airline industry consolidation includes the merger of Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines (October 2008); United Airlines and Continental Airlines (August 2010); Southwest Airlines and AirTran Airways (April 2011); American Airlines and U.S. Airways (December 2013); Alaska Airlines and Virgin America (December 2016); and Alaska Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines (September 2024). However, Hawaiian Airlines statistics will remain separate until the airlines receive a single aircraft operating certificate, expected in 2025. RJs are smaller single-aisle aircraft with fewer than 100 seats, built for short trips and often flown under a larger airline’s brand (e.g., American Eagle, Delta Connection, Air Canada Jazz, etc.) Activity Levels 3-9 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR 3 Figure 3-4 Share of Annual Passengers Served by Logan Airport’s Major Airlines, 2019, 2022- 2024 Source: Massport, 2025. 2023 Passenger Service by Airline In 2023, jetBlue was the largest carrier at Logan Airport, carrying over 10.9 million passengers, which represented a 9.4 percent increase from 2022. However, this remained 11.4 percent below 2019 levels. Delta followed as the second-largest carrier, transporting 10.7 million passengers. Delta’s traffic rose 19.5 percent from the previous year compared to 2022 and exceeded 2019 levels by 28.8 percent, reflecting its on-going commitment to expanded service at Logan Airport, particularly through additional European routes served. Together, jetBlue and Delta accounted for 53.0 percent of total passengers at Logan Airport, marking a significant milestone in their combined market dominance. Compared to 2022, American’s passenger traffic declined 8.3 percent, United grew 13.7 percent, and Southwest increased 26.7 percent. These three airlines remained below 2019 levels, with American down 9.2 percent, United down 4.9 percent, and Southwest down 31.6 percent. All other carriers combined accounted for 19.8 percent of total passenger traffic at Logan Airport in 2023. 2024 Passenger Service by Airline In 2024, Delta surpassed jetBlue to become Logan Airport’s largest carrier serving nearly 11.2 million passengers. Delta passengers served represent a 4.6 percent increase from 2023 and 34.7 percent above 2019 levels. jetBlue, now the second-largest carrier serving Logan Airport served 10.9 million passengers. jetBlue’s share was down 0.7 percent From 2023 and 12.0 percent less than its 2019 volumes. The minor decline in growth reflected operational and financial restructuring events following 19.5% 24.8% 26.2% 25.7% 29.0% 27.7% 26.8% 25.0% 14.9% 17.4% 14.1% 13.9% 9.0% 8.9% 9.0% 8.5% 3.5% 2.7% 3.6% 4.6% 5.9% 3.8% 4.2% 4.4% 18.1% 14.7% 16.2% 17.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2019 2022 2023 2024 Percentage per Airline Delta jetBlue American United Spirit Southwest All other carriers Activity Levels 3-10 3 Boston Logan International Airport 2023/2024 EDR the U.S. Justice Department's blocking of its merger with Spirit Airlines in mid-January 2024. The airline also trimmed unprofitable routes from its scheduled flight network. jetBlue also reduced domestic scheduled seat capacity at Logan Airport while expanding interna
The text goes on. The rest is in the file.
related records
Records whose documents say similar things, nearest first.
- Air & noiseMassachusetts Port AuthorityLogan Airport Environmental Status and Planning Report, 2017
- Air & noiseMassachusetts Port AuthorityLogan Airport Environmental Data Report, 2020 and 2021
- Air & noiseMassachusetts Port AuthorityLogan Airport Environmental Data Report, 2018 and 2019
- Air & noiseMassachusetts Port AuthorityLogan Airport Environmental Data Report, 2016
- Air & noiseMassachusetts Port AuthorityLogan Airport Environmental Status and Planning Report, 2022