Middle school, January 2013

Department of Public Health · from Mass.gov · 45 pages · 5.0 MB
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT 
Winthrop Middle School 
151 Pauline Street 
Winthrop, Massachusetts 
Prepared by: 
Massachusetts Department of Public Health 
Bureau of Environmental Health 
Indoor Air Quality Program 
January 2013

Background/Introduction 
At the request of Eric Moore, Public Health Administrator, Winthrop Health Department, 
the Massachusetts Department of Public Health’s (MDPH), Bureau of Environmental Health 
(BEH) conducted an indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment at the Winthrop Middle School 
(WMS), 151 Pauline Street , Winthrop, Massachusetts. On November 2, 2012, a visit was made 
to the WMS by Sharon Lee, Environmental Analyst/Inspector for BEH’s IAQ Program, and 
Ruth Alfasso, Environmental Engineer/Inspector for BEH’s IAQ Program. The request was in 
response to general concerns regarding IAQ. 
The WMS is a two-story building with an occupied basement. The original portion of the 
building was constructed around 1945. The gym was added in 1954, and the rest of the school 
was constructed in 1972. The building has multi-level flat roofs that are about fifteen years old. 
The school consists of classrooms, a gymnasium, auditorium, library and offices. Windows 
throughout the school are openable. The building is adjacent to a building containing an ice rink 
used by the community and students. An inspection of the ice rink was also conducted during 
this visit. 
The BEH/IAQ Program previously visited this building in 1994, 1998 and 1999. A 
general IAQ report was issued in 1999 and is available on request. 
Methods 
Air tests for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, temperature and relative humidity were 
conducted with the TSI, Q-Trak, IAQ Monitor, Model 7565. Air tests for airborne particle 
matter with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers were taken with the TSI, DUSTTRAK™ 
Aerosol Monitor Model 8520. Air sampling in the ice rink for carbon monoxide and nitrogen 
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dioxide was conducted using a handheld Dräger Chip Measurement System (CMS) device with 
carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide chips provided by the rink operator. BEH/IAQ staff also 
performed a visual inspection of building materials for water damage and/or microbial growth. 
Results 
The school houses approximately 475 students in sixth through eighth grade with 
approximately 50 staff members. Tests were taken during normal operations, and results appear 
in Table 1. 
Discussion 
Ventilation 
It can be seen from Table 1 that carbon dioxide levels were above 800 parts per million 
(ppm) in 51 of 62 areas tested and significantly higher in more than 20 areas. These levels 
indicate poor air exchange in most areas at the time of assessment. In some rooms, carbon 
dioxide levels were above 3,000 ppm (Table 1). In many areas, ventilation equipment was found 
deactivated, therefore no means of mechanical ventilation was being provided to these areas at 
the time of testing. It is also important to note that several areas had open windows or were 
empty/sparsely populated, which can greatly reduce carbon dioxide levels. Carbon dioxide 
levels would be expected to increase with higher occupancy and windows closed. 
Fresh air to exterior classrooms is supplied by unit ventilator (univent) systems (Picture 
1). A univent draws air from the outdoors through a fresh air intake located on the exterior wall 
of the building (Picture 2). Return air from the classroom is drawn through an air intake located 
at the base of the unit ( Figure 1 ). Fresh and return air are mixed, filtered, heated and provided to 
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classrooms through an air diffuser located in the top of the unit. As mentioned, the majority of 
univents were found deactivated at the time of assessment (Picture 3; Table 1). In addition, some 
univents were found obstructed by furniture and other items on top of air diffusers and/or in front 
of return vents along the bottom of the units (Picture 1). Some univent covers were ajar (Picture 
4), compromising filtration. In order for univents to provide fresh air as designed, they must 
remain “on” and operating while rooms are occupied and remain free of obstructions. 
The type of filter medium used by the school comes in a bulk roll and must be cut to size 
before it is inserted into a metal lattice “cage” (Picture 5). This method is extremely time 
intensive, and the results are variable. If the filter medium is not properly fitted, gaps can allow 
unfiltered air into the room and/or reduce the useful life of the unit. Disposable filters with an 
appropriate dust spot efficiency and similar cost can be installed in univents. The dust spot 
efficiency is the ability of a filter to remove particulates of a certain diameter from air passing 
through the filter. Filters that have been determined by the American Society of Heating, 
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to meet its standard for a dust spot 
efficiency of a minimum of 40% would be sufficient to reduce airborne particulates (MEHRC, 
1997; ASHRAE, 1992). Note that increased filtration can reduce airflow produced by an air 
handling unit (AHU) or univent due to increased resistance. Prior to any increase of filtration, 
each unit should be evaluated by a ventilation engineer as to whether it can maintain function 
with more efficient filters. 
It was reported to BEH/IAQ staff that filters are only changed every two years. Univent 
filters are typically replaced two to four times a year. Many of the univents examined had dust 
and debris accumulated inside cabinets and on radiator fins. This material should be removed 
through vacuuming during each filter change. Spaces were also observed around pipes in some 
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univent cabinets. These gaps should be sealed with an appropriate fire-rated material to prevent 
the draw of odors and materials from other areas of the building into the univent. 
Note that the univents are original equipment, more than 35 years old. Function of 
equipment of this age is difficult to maintain, since compatible replacement parts are often 
unavailable. According to the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning 
Engineers (ASHRAE), the service life 1 for a unit heater, hot water or steam is 20 years, assuming 
routine maintenance of the equipment (ASHRAE, 1991). Despite attempts to maintain the 
univents, the operational lifespan of the equipment has been exceeded. Maintaining the balance 
of fresh air to exhaust air will become more difficult as the equipment ages and as replacement 
parts become increasingly difficult to obtain. 
Exhaust ventilation for classrooms with univents is provided by wall-mounted exhaust 
vents ducted to rooftop motors. Some of the wall-mounted exhaust vents were blocked at the 
time of assessment. As with supply ventilation, exhaust ventilation must be free of blockages 
and allowed to operate while the building is occupied. 
Mechanical ventilation for interior classrooms and common areas (e.g., auditorium, 
gymnasium) is provided by rooftop AHUs. Fresh air is distributed via ceiling- or wall- mounted 
air diffusers or supply grills and ducted back to the AHUs via ceiling- or wall-mounted return 
vents. In many interior classrooms, the ventilation system was not operating. In one case, a 
supply diffuser appeared to be sealed with plastic/tape (Picture 6). In addition, the location of 
some of the exhaust vents relative to the supply vents, for example directly next to each other on 
the same wall, are not optimal for airflow in the room, as fresh air can be captured by the exhaust 
vent before mixing with the room air. 
1 The service life is the median time during which a particular system or component of …[an HVAC]… system remains in its original service 
application and then is replaced. Replacement may occur for any reason, including, but not limited to, failure, general obsolescence, reduced 
reliability, excessive maintenance cost, and changed system requirements due to such influences as building characteristics or energy prices 
(ASHRAE, 1991). 
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To maximize air exchange, the MDPH recommends that both supply and exhaust 
ventilation operate continuously during periods of occupancy. In order to have proper 
ventilation with a mechanical supply and exhaust system, the systems must be balanced to 
provide an adequate amount of fresh air to the interior of a room while removing stale air from 
the room. It is recommended HVAC systems be re-balanced every five years to ensure adequate 
air systems function (SMACNA, 1994). The date of the last balancing of these systems was not 
available at the time of the assessment. 
Minimum design ventilation rates are mandated by the Massachusetts State Building 
Code (MSBC). Until 2011, the minimum ventilation rate in Massachusetts was higher for both 
occupied office spaces and general classrooms, with similar requirements for other occupied 
spaces (BOCA, 1993). The current version of the MSBC, promulgated in 2011 by the State 
Board of Building Regulations and Standards (SBBRS), adopted the 2009 International 
Mechanical Code (IMC) to set minimum ventilation rates. Please note that the MSBC is a 
minimum standard that is not health-based . At lower rates of cubic feet per minute (cfm) per 
occupant of fresh air, carbon dioxide levels would be expected to rise significantly. A 
ventilation rate of 20 cfm per occupant of fresh air provides optimal air exchange resulting in 
carbon dioxide levels at or below 800 ppm in the indoor environment in each area measured. 
MDPH recommends that carbon dioxide levels be maintained at 800 ppm or below. This is 
because most environmental and occupational health scientists involved with research on IAQ 
and health effects have documented significant increases in indoor air quality complaints and/or 
health effects when carbon dioxide levels rise above the MDPH guidelines of 800 ppm for 
schools, office buildings and other occupied spaces (Sundell et al., 2011). The ventilation must 
be on at all times that the room is occupied. Providing adequate fresh air ventilation with open 
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windows and maintaining the temperature in the comfort range during the cold weather season is 
impractical. Mechanical ventilation is usually required to provide adequate fresh air ventilation. 
Carbon dioxide is not a problem in and of itself. It is used as an indicator of the adequacy 
of the fresh air ventilation. As carbon dioxide levels rise, it indicates that the ventilating system 
is malfunctioning or the design occupancy of the room is being exceeded. When this happens, a 
buildup of common indoor air pollutants can occur, leading to discomfort or health complaints. 
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard for carbon dioxide is 
5,000 parts per million parts of air (ppm). Workers may be exposed to this level for 40 
hours/week, based on a time-weighted average (OSHA, 1997). 
The MDPH uses a guideline of 800 ppm for publicly occupied buildings. A guideline of 
600 ppm or less is preferred in schools due to the fact that the majority of occupants are young 
and considered to be a more sensitive population in the evaluation of environmental health 
status. Inadequate ventilation and/or elevated temperatures are major causes of complaints such 
as respiratory, eye, nose and throat irritation, lethargy and headaches. For more information 
concerning carbon dioxide, consult Appendix A . 
Temperatures ranged from 64°F to 75°F, with most of the readings within the MDPH 
recommended range; a few areas (e.g., the gym and the little theater) were below recommended 
guidelines (Table 1). The MDPH recommends that indoor air temperatures be maintained in a 
range of 70°F to 78°F in order to provide for the comfort of building occupants. In many cases 
concerning indoor air quality, fluctuations of temperature in occupied spaces are typically 
experienced, even in a building with an adequate fresh air supply. In addition, it is difficult to 
control temperature and maintain comfort without operating the ventilation equipment as 
designed (e.g., univents/exhaust vents deactivated/obstructed). 
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Window-mounted air conditioners were observed in several areas. These units are 
normally equipped with filters, which should be cleaned or changed as per manufacturer’s 
instructions to avoid the build-up and re-aerosolization of dirt, dust and particulate matter. 
Several of the units were missing filters and the cooling fins were occluded with dust and debris, 
which can provide a mold growth media when moistened. 
Relative humidity measurements in the building ranged from 35 to 69 percent at the time 
of assessment, which were within or close to the MDPH recommended comfort range in the 
majority of areas surveyed (Table 1). The MDPH recommends a comfort range of 40 to 60 
percent for indoor air relative humidity. Of note is that the highest relative humidity levels were 
measured in rooms 208 and 220; these rooms also had carbon dioxide levels in excess of 3,000 
ppm (Table 1), indicating that the ventilation in these rooms was inadequate for the number of 
people in them to remove both carbon dioxide and water vapor generated by occupants. In 
addition, room 208 was occupied by 50 people at the time of testing, exceeding normal 
occupancy. 
Relative humidity levels in the building would be expected to drop during the winter 
months due to heating. The sensation of dryness and irritation is common in a low relative 
humidity environment. Low relative humidity is a very common problem during the heating 
season in the northeast part of the United States. 
Microbial/Moisture Concerns 
Water leaks from the roof were reported in hallways and some classrooms. Additional 
leaks from plumbing were also reported in lower level classrooms, including room 6A. 
BEH/IAQ staff noted damage to the flashing/sealing material around the rooftop access hatch 
and other junction areas on the roof (Picture 7). Repairs to these areas should prevent further 
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water infiltration. Consideration should also be given to replacing the current roof, which was 
installed over 15 years ago and is nearing its end of useful service life. 
Water-stained and missing ceiling tiles were observed in some classrooms (Picture 8). In 
some areas, water-damaged tiles were the interlocking mineral variety, which can be difficult to 
replace. These interlocking mineral tiles may also contain asbestos mastic (Picture 9). A 
determination should be made concerning whether these tiles contain asbestos. If they do, the 
tiles should be left in place until they can be removed by a licensed asbestos remediation 
contractor. 
Plants were observed in some areas (Table 1). Plants should be properly maintained and 
equipped with drip pans. Plants should also be located away from ventilation sources to prevent 
aerosolization of dirt, pollen or mold. Plants should not be placed on porous materials, since 
water damage to porous materials may lead to microbial growth. One area also had an aquarium 
(Picture 10). Aquariums need to be properly maintained and cleaned so as not to emit odors; 
they should not be placed on or near univents. 
Drinking fountains in the main hallways and a toilet in the staff lounge were found to be 
out of order and covered with plastic (Picture 11). In addition, lab sinks in a science classroom 
were covered (Picture 12) and the cabinets beneath them were locked. It is not known if the 
water service to these disused fixtures had been shut off. To prevent both water leaks and the 
infiltration of sewer gases through unused drains, it is recommended that these fixtures be 
repaired, if desired, or properly abandoned. 
Specific concerns regarding water damage, mold and musty odors were expressed for 
room 6A. This room is located in a partially below-grade area and was also subject to a flooding 
incident from a pipe leak in the past. No mold growth was noted at the time of the assessment, 
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but there were several water-damaged ceiling tiles in this room. In addition, there were breaches 
noted between the areas under sinks and cabinets that open into an unfinished subfloor and wall 
cavity (Picture 13). These breaches can allow moisture and odors into the occupied space and 
should be sealed with an appropriate sealant. 
Below-grade areas often present moisture-control challenges, including the potential for 
condensation on the floor during humid weather. In addition, room 6A did not appear to have 
exhaust ventilation, which would make removal of moisture from occupants, sinks and a 
dishwasher present in the room much more difficult. 
There were concerns regarding mold on an interior partition wall between rooms 107 and 
109. BEH/IAQ staff examined the area of concern and noted dots of black staining on the wall 
underneath a large fabric wall hanging (Picture 14). It was reported that the spots kept 
reappearing following cleaning and painting. The presence of the wall hanging is likely 
preventing this area from drying following hot, humid weather, and may be contributing to mold 
growth. It is recommended that the affected area be thoroughly cleaned with an antimicrobial 
agent and allowed to dry completely; layers of paint may also need to be scraped off to get at the 
wall substrate layer. Unlike most of the school, which is composed of cement block and similar 
materials, these partition walls are composed of organic materials that may support mold 
colonization if they become and stay moist. 
Additional concerns were reported regarding the presence of mold in the teachers’ room 
closet. BEH/IAQ staff observed conditions in this closet. A number of items were stored 
directly on the floor; however, no items appeared to be moist or water-damaged. Dark 
staining/debris was observed on the cement walls, particularly at the corners where the walls and 
floor meet (Picture 15). Cement is a semi-porous material that is not a source of mold growth, 
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and no signs of water damage (e.g. efflorescence) were noted on these walls. The paint applied 
to the walls also does not support mold growth. Given the location and concentration of the dark 
material, it is likely that the debris collected in the uneven surface of the cement walls stems 
from dirt suspended on a mop. Measures should be taken to clean the walls thoroughly to 
remove the material. Floors should be cleaned with well-rinsed mops to prevent future build up. 
During an examination of the exterior of the building, BEH/IAQ staff observed trees and 
shrubs in close proximity to the building (Picture 16). Shrubs/trees in close proximity to the 
building hold moisture against the building exterior and prevent drying. The growth of roots 
against exterior walls can bring moisture in contact with the foundation. Plant roots can 
eventually penetrate the wall, leading to cracks and/or fissures in the sublevel foundation. Over 
time, these conditions can undermine the integrity of the building envelope and provide a means 
of water entry into the building via capillary action through exterior walls, foundation concrete 
and masonry (Lstiburek & Brennan, 2001). The freezing and thawing action of water during the 
winter months can create cracks and fissures in the foundation that can result in additional 
penetration points for both water and pests. Trees and shrubs can also be a source of pollen, 
debris and mold into univents and windows. Consideration should be given to removing 
landscaping in close proximity to the building so as to maintain a space of 5 feet between 
shrubbery and the building. 
There were also cracks/missing mortar observed above windowsills and air intake vents 
(Picture 17). These cracks may lead to water infiltration during times of wind-driven rain and 
need to be repaired. 
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Other IAQ Evaluations 
Indoor air quality can be negatively influenced by the presence of respiratory irritants, 
such as products of combustion. The process of combustion produces a number of pollutants. 
Common combustion emissions include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor and 
smoke (fine airborne particle material). Of these materials, exposure to carbon monoxide and 
particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers (μm) or less (PM2.5) can produce 
immediate, acute health effects upon exposure. To determine whether combustion products were 
present in the indoor environment, BEH/IAQ staff obtained measurements for carbon monoxide 
and PM2.5. 
Carbon Monoxide 
Carbon monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion of organic matter (e.g., 
gasoline, wood and tobacco). Exposure to carbon monoxide can produce immediate and acute 
health affects. Several air quality standards have been established to address carbon monoxide 
and prevent symptoms from exposure to these substances. The MDPH established a corrective 
action level concerning carbon monoxide in ice skating rinks that use fossil-fueled ice 
resurfacing equipment. If an operator of an indoor ice rink measures a carbon monoxide level 
over 30 ppm, taken 20 minutes after resurfacing within a rink, that operator must take actions to 
reduce carbon monoxide levels (MDPH, 1997). 
The American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers 
(ASHRAE) has adopted the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as one set of 
criteria for assessing indoor air quality and monitoring of fresh air introduced by HVAC systems 
(ASHRAE, 1989). The NAAQS are standards established by the US EPA to protect the public 
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health from six criteria pollutants, including carbon monoxide and particulate matter (US EPA, 
2006). As recommended by ASHRAE, pollutant levels of fresh air introduced to a building 
should not exceed the NAAQS levels (ASHRAE, 1989). The NAAQS were adopted by 
reference in the Building Officials & Code Administrators (BOCA) National Mechanical Code 
of 1993 (BOCA, 1993), which is now an HVAC standard included in the MSBC (SBBRS, 
2011). According to the NAAQS, carbon monoxide levels in outdoor air should not exceed 9 
ppm in an eight-hour average (US EPA, 2006). 
Carbon monoxide should not be present in a typical, indoor environment . If it is present, 
indoor carbon monoxide levels should be less than or equal to outdoor levels. Outdoor carbon 
monoxide concentrations were non-detect (ND) at the time of the assessment (Table 1). No 
measureable levels of carbon monoxide were detected inside the building during the assessment 
(Table 1). 
Particulate Matter 
The US EPA has established NAAQS limits for exposure to particulate matter. 
Particulate matter is airborne solids that can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat. The 
NAAQS originally established exposure limits to particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or 
less (PM10). According to the NAAQS, PM10 levels should not exceed 150 micrograms per 
cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) in a 24-hour average (US EPA, 2006). These standards were adopted by 
both ASHRAE and BOCA. Since the issuance of the ASHRAE standard and BOCA Code, US 
EPA established a more protective standard for fine airborne particles. This more stringent 
PM2.5 standard requires outdoor air particle levels be maintained below 35 μg/m 3 over a 24-hour 
average (US EPA, 2006). Although both the ASHRAE standard and BOCA Code adopted the 
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PM10 standard for evaluating air quality, MDPH uses the more protective PM2.5 standard for 
evaluating airborne particulate matter concentrations in the indoor environment. 
Outdoor PM2.5 concentrations the day of the assessment were measured at 4 μg/m 3 . 
PM2.5 levels measured inside the building ranged from 1 to 21 μg/m 3 (Table 1). Both indoor 
and outdoor PM 2.5 levels were below the NAAQS PM2.5 level of 35 μg/m 3 . Frequently, indoor 
air levels of particulates (including PM2.5) can be at higher levels than those measured outdoors. 
A number of activities that occur indoors and/or mechanical devices can generate particulate 
during normal operations. Sources of indoor airborne particulates may include but are not 
limited to particles generated during the operation of fan belts in the HVAC system, use of 
stoves and/or microwave ovens in kitchen areas; use of photocopiers, fax machines and computer 
printing devices; operation of an ordinary vacuum cleaner and heavy foot traffic indoors. 
Volatile Organic Compounds 
Indoor air concentrations can be greatly impacted by the use of products containing 
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are carbon-containing substances that have the 
ability to evaporate at room temperature. Frequently, exposure to low levels of total VOCs 
(TVOCs) may produce eye, nose, throat and/or respiratory irritation in some sensitive 
individuals. For example, chemicals evaporating from a paint can stored at room temperature 
would most likely contain VOCs. In an effort to identify materials that can potentially increase 
indoor VOC concentrations, BEH/IAQ staff examined rooms for products containing these 
respiratory irritants. 
Cleaning products were found in a number of rooms throughout the building (Table 1). 
Cleaning products contain chemicals that can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat of 
sensitive individuals. These products should be properly labeled and stored in an area 
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inaccessible to children. In addition, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be available at 
a central location for each product in the event of an emergency. Consideration should be given 
to providing teaching staff with school issued cleaning products and supplies to prevent any 
potential for adverse chemical interactions between residues left from cleaners used by the 
facilities staff and those left by cleaners brought in by others. 
In an effort to reduce noise , tennis balls had been sliced open and placed on the base of 
desk/chair legs in some classrooms (Picture 18). Tennis balls are made of a number of materials 
that are a source of respiratory irritants. Constant wearing of tennis balls can produce fibers and 
cause VOCs to off-gas. Tennis balls are made with a natural rubber latex bladder, which 
becomes abraded when used as a chair leg pad. Use of tennis balls in this manner may introduce 
latex dust into the school environment. Some individuals are highly allergic to latex (e.g., spina 
bifida patients) (SBAA, 2001). It is recommended that the use of materials containing latex be 
limited in buildings to reduce the likelihood of symptoms in sensitive individuals (NIOSH, 
1997). 
There are several copy rooms in the building containing photocopiers and lamination 
machines. Photocopiers and lamination machines can be sources of pollutants such as VOCs, 
ozone, heat and odors, particularly if the equipment is older and in frequent use. Both VOCs and 
ozone are respiratory irritants (Schmidt Etkin, 1992). Photocopiers should be kept in well 
ventilated rooms, and should be located near windows or exhaust vents. 
Air fresheners and deodorizing materials were observed in a couple of areas (Table 1). 
Air deodorizers contain chemicals that can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat of sensitive 
individuals. Many air fresheners contain 1,4-dichlorobenzene, a VOC which may cause 
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reductions in lung function (NIH, 2006). Furthermore, deodorizing agents do not remove 
materials causing odors, but rather mask odors that may be present in the area. 
Many classrooms contained dry erase boards and related materials. In some areas, dry 
erase material debris was collected on the marker tray (Picture 19). Materials such as dry erase 
markers and dry erase board cleaners may contain VOCs, such as methyl isobutyl ketone, n-butyl 
acetate and butyl-cellusolve (Sanford, 1999), which can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat. 
Ice Rink 
An ice rink is adjacent to the WMS. The facility has a single ice rink, a small entry area 
with locker rooms, several offices, and a small stand of bleachers. The facility is regularly used 
by students, school teams and the community. BEH/IAQ staff examined the rink to determine if 
the potential for the rink to impact IAQ in the school environment exists. The facility uses 
propane-powered resurfacing equipment, which was reportedly used about one hour previous to 
the BEH visit. BEH/IAQ staff were not able to access the facility logbook, which was reported 
by the rink operator to be temporarily unavailable due to office renovations. The facility 
logbook contains records of sampling, maintenance and other activities for the facility. 
BEH/IAQ staff performed sampling for carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, products of fuel 
combustion. Nitrogen dioxide testing was conducted due to the presence of propane-powered 
equipment. In response to a request by building management, sampling for carbon monoxide 
was also conducted to determine whether additional combustion sources were present. Note that 
sampling was performed next to the perimeter of the ice rink at a point close to one of the end 
zones, rather than center ice or on the perimeter at the center line as required by regulation due to 
access issues. The purpose of this sampling was not to determine regulatory compliance, but 
rather to determine if products of combustion might be impacting general indoor air quality. 
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Facility staff reported no self-sampling results in excess of the limits for carbon 
monoxide, as described previously in the carbon monoxide section of this report. BEH/IAQ 
sampling with both the Q-trak and the Dräger CMS instruments showed no detection of carbon 
monoxide at the time of the visit. 
Ice rink operators with fuel-powered surfacing equipment are also required to sample for 
nitrogen dioxide, the product of fuel combustion related to propane-powered equipment. 
Exposure to levels of nitrogen dioxide above MDPH guidance can be hazardous to human 
health. The MDPH established a corrective action level concerning nitrogen dioxide in ice 
skating rinks that use fossil-fueled ice resurfacing equipment. If an operator of an indoor ice rink 
measures a nitrogen dioxide level over 0.5 ppm, taken 20 minutes after resurfacing within a rink, 
that operator must take actions to reduce the nitrogen dioxide levels (MDPH, 1997). Facility 
staff reported no self-sampling results in excess of the limits for nitrogen dioxide. BEH/IAQ 
sampling with the Dräger tube instrument showed no detection of nitrogen dioxide at the time of 
the visit, with a detection limit of 0.5 ppm. 
Other Conditions 
Other conditions that can affect indoor air quality were observed during the assessment. 
In a storeroom adjacent to the art area were two pottery kilns (Picture 20). Pottery kilns can be a 
significant source of water vapor, particulate and other related pollutants when operating. In 
addition, a pottery kiln is a source of waste heat that can present a safety/fire hazard. The kilns 
appeared to be electrically operated, and there was a switch-operated exhaust fan in the wall near 
but not directly adjacent to the kilns (Picture 21). The kilns were not outfitted with a dedicated 
exhaust hood, which removes heat and pollutants outside building. In addition, the switch for the 
exhaust may be difficult to reach when the kilns are in operation, since the switches are located 
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next to the fan on the wall. Kilns should be vented directly outdoors and kept away from 
students. Bottles of pottery glazing materials were examined and they were labeled as “lead 
free”, which is appropriate and recommended to protect the safety and health of staff and 
students. 
In some classrooms and offices, items were observed on windowsills, tabletops, counters, 
bookcases and desks (Table 1). The large number of items stored in classrooms provides a 
source for dusts to accumulate. These items (e.g., papers, folders, boxes) make it difficult for 
custodial staff to clean. Items should be relocated and/or be cleaned periodically to avoid 
excessive dust build up. In addition, these materials can accumulate on flat surfaces (e.g., 
desktops, shelving and carpets) in occupied areas and subsequently be re-aerosolized causing 
further irritation. 
Dust was also observed accumulated on the blades of personal fans, univent diffusers and 
exhaust vents. Univents, exhaust vents and fans should be cleaned periodically in order to 
prevent them from serving as a source of aerosolized particulates. Floors in some areas were 
also found to be dirty; dirt and dust on the floors can become source of aerosolized particulates. 
Exposed fiberglass insulation was observed around pipes leading into univent cabinets 
(Picture 22). Fiberglass particles are a source of irritation to the eyes and respiratory system. 
Pipe wrapping should be examined, and exposed insulation should be re-wrapped to prevent 
aerosolization of fiberglass materials. 
Breaches were observed around pipes within univent cabinets. These breaches can allow 
odors and materials to be drawn from the pipe chaseway, into the univent and subsequently 
distributed to the classroom. Univent cabinets should also be examined for holes that may exist 
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in the metal wall separating the cabinet and fan/heating elements. Air drawn through these 
spaces can allow for the distribution of un-filtered air. 
Black tape was observed on a device that is likely a fire detector in the teachers’ lounge 
(Picture 23). Measures should be taken to determine whether this unit is operable. If not, this 
fire detector should be replaced. 
Conclusions/Recommendations 
It was reported to BEH/IAQ staff that there may be plans to replace the WMS in the near 
future; however even if this plan goes forward, a new school would not be available until 
approximately 2016. If the plan for a new school moves forward, the resources available to 
make repairs to the existing school may understandably be limited. As a result, the BEH IAQ 
program recommends a two-phase approach. The first consists of short-term measures to 
improve air quality and the second consists of long-term measures that will require planning and 
resources to adequately address the overall indoor air quality concerns, particularly if no new 
middle school is planned in the near future. 
Short-Term Recommendations 
1. Operate all ventilation systems throughout the building including univents and interior 
classroom HVAC systems continuously during periods of occupancy to maximize air 
exchange. This is of critical importance given the high levels of carbon dioxide 
documented in numerous areas of the school. 
2. Consult with an HVAC engineering firm regarding the feasibility of repair vs. 
replacement of ventilation system components given their age. In the interim, work with 
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an HVAC engineering firm to adjust/repair univents and exhaust vents to improve air 
exchange in classrooms. 
3. Remove all blockages/items from the surface of univent air diffusers and return vents 
(along front/bottom) to ensure adequate airflow. Remove all blockages from exhaust 
vents. 
4. Consider replacing metal filter racks with proper fitting disposable filters with an equal or 
greater dust-spot efficiency to eliminate the time needed to replace filters from bulk 
material rolls. Prior to any increase of filtration, each piece of air handling equipment 
should be evaluated by a ventilation engineer as to whether it can maintain function with 
more efficient filters. The time saved through this measure may allow an increased 
frequency of filter changes; changing filters at least twice a year is recommended. 
5. Consider adopting a balancing schedule of every 5 years for all mechanical ventilation 
systems, as recommended by ventilation industrial standards (SMACNA, 1994). 
6. Use openable windows to supplement fresh air in the classrooms during occupancy. If 
thermal comfort is a concern, consider opening windows between classes and during 
unoccupied periods. Care should be taken to ensure windows are closed at the day’s end. 
7. For buildings in New England, periods of low relative humidity during the winter are 
often unavoidable. Therefore, scrupulous cleaning practices should be adopted to 
minimize common indoor air contaminants whose irritant effects can be enhanced when 
the relative humidity is low. To control dusts, a high efficiency particulate arrestance 
(HEPA) filter equipped vacuum cleaner in conjunction with wet wiping of all surfaces is 
recommended. Avoid the use of feather dusters. Drinking water during the day can help 
ease some symptoms associated with a dry environment (throat and sinus irritations). 
20

8. Ensure roof flashing/junctions and plumbing leaks are repaired and replace any 
remaining water-damaged ceiling tiles and wall materials. Examine the area above these 
tiles for mold growth. Disinfect areas of water leaks with an appropriate antimicrobial, as 
needed. 
9. Determine whether interlocking ceiling tiles contain asbestos. If so, remediate damaged 
tiles in conformance with Massachusetts asbestos remediation and hazardous waste 
disposal laws. 
10. Clean partition wall between rooms 107 and 109 with an antimicrobial agent and allow it 
to dry completely; layers of paint may also need to be scraped off to get at the wall 
substrate layer. Consider moving the black fabric wall hanging from this location to 
prevent this area from accumulating moisture. 
11. Seal holes/breaches where pipes from univents and sinks penetrate into the crawlspace or 
wall cavity with appropriate fire-rated sealant to prevent movement of odors/particles 
from wall cavities and subfloor areas. Particular attention should be paid to room 6A. 
12. Repair broken/unused plumbing fixtures or decommission them completely. 
13. Ensure plants, trees and shrubs are located at least five feet away from exterior 
walls/foundation of the building. 
14. Repoint cracks and missing mortar on the outside of the building to prevent water 
infiltration. 
15. Ensure indoor plants are equipped with drip pans. Examine drip pans periodically for 
mold growth and disinfect with an appropriate antimicrobial, as needed. Move plants 
away from the air stream of mechanical ventilation equipment. 
21

16. Store cleaning products properly and out of reach of students. All cleaning products used 
at the facility should be approved by the school department with MSDS’ available at a 
central location. 
17. Refrain from using air fresheners and deodorizers to prevent exposure to VOCs. 
18. Ensure that the dedicated exhaust ventilation is operating every time the kiln is in use and 
for a period of time afterward to remove heat, particulates and other pollutants. Consider 
replacing the wall-mounted exhaust with a hood fitted directly over the kilns. 
19. Relocate or consider reducing the amount of materials stored in classrooms to allow for 
more thorough cleaning of classrooms. Clean items regularly with a wet cloth or sponge 
to prevent excessive dust build-up. 
20. Clean air diffusers, exhaust/return vents and personal fans periodically of accumulated 
dust. 
21. Clean chalk and dry-erase marker trays of accumulated dust and debris regularly using a 
damp cloth. 
22. Consider replacing tennis balls with latex-free tennis balls or glides. 
23. Ensure local exhaust is operating in areas with photocopiers and lamination machines; if 
not feasible consider relocating to areas with local exhaust ventilation or install local 
exhaust ventilation in areas where this equipment is used to reduce excess heat and odors. 
24. Investigate function of marked-out device on ceiling of teachers’ lounge and repair or 
replace as needed. 
25. Encapsulate exposed fiberglass insulation around univent pipes in classrooms. 
22

26. Ensure regular air testing for carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide is conducted and 
recorded in facility logbook as required by State Sanitary Code, Chapter XI, 105 CMR 
675.000. 
27. Consider adopting the US EPA (2000) document, “Tools for Schools”, as an instrument 
for maintaining a good indoor air quality environment in the building. This document is 
available at: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/index.html 
28. Refer to resource manual and other related indoor air quality documents located on the 
MDPH’s website for further building-wide evaluations and advice on maintaining public 
buildings. These documents are available at: http://mass.gov/dph/iaq 
Long-Term Recommendations 
1. Consult with an HVAC engineering firm for a plan to replace ventilation system 
components. Take into consideration the current and likely future uses of spaces to 
determine the placement of supply and exhaust ventilation to maximize airflow and 
removal of pollutants and odors, including dedicated exhaust ventilation in areas where 
copy machines, laminators, kilns, chemicals, and food preparation equipment are used. 
2. Consult with an engineering firm to determine if all or portions of the roof should be 
replaced. 
23

References 
ASHRAE. 1989. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, 
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE 62-1989. 
ASHRAE. 1991. ASHRAE Applications Handbook, Chapter 33 “Owning and Operating 
Costs”. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 
GA. 
ASHRAE. 1992. Gravimetric and Dust-Spot Procedures for Testing Air-Cleaning Devices Used 
in General Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter. American Society of Heating, 
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE 52.1-1992. 
BOCA. 1993. The BOCA National Mechanical Code/1993. 8 th ed. Building Officials & Code 
Administrators International, Inc., Country Club Hills, IL. 
IMC, 2009. 2009 International Mechanical Code. International Code Council Inc., Country 
Club Hills, IL. 
Lstiburek, J. & Brennan, T. 2001. Read This Before You Design, Build or Renovate. Building 
Science Corporation, Westford, MA. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 
Region I, Boston, MA. 
MDPH. 1997. Requirements to Maintain Air Quality in Indoor Skating Rinks (State Sanitary 
Code, Chapter XI). 105 CMR 675.000. Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, 
MA. 
MEHRC. 1997. Indoor Air Quality for HVAC Operators & Contractors Workbook. 
MidAtlantic Environmental Hygiene Resource Center, Philadelphia, PA. 
NIH. 2006. Chemical in Many Air Fresheners May Reduce Lung Function. NIH News. 
National Institute of Health. July 27, 2006. http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2006/niehs-27.htm 
NIOSH. 1997. NIOSH Alert Preventing Allergic Reactions to Natural Rubber latex in the 
Workplace. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, GA. 
OSHA. 1997. Limits for Air Contaminants. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 
Code of Federal Regulations. 29 C.F.R 1910.1000 Table Z-1-A. 
Sanford. 1999. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS No: 198-17). Expo  Dry Erase Markers 
Bullet, Chisel, and Ultra Fine Tip. Sanford Corporation. Bellwood, IL. 
SBAA. 2001. Latex In the Home And Community Updated Spring 2001. Spina Bifida 
Association of America, Washington, DC. 
24

SBBRS. 2011. Mechanical Ventilation. State Board of Building Regulations and Standards. 
Code of Massachusetts Regulations, 8 th edition. 780 CMR 1209.0. 
Schmidt Etkin, D. 1992. Office Furnishings/Equipment & IAQ Health Impacts, Prevention & 
Mitigation. Cutter Information Corporation, Indoor Air Quality Update, Arlington, MA. 
SMACNA. 1994. HVAC Systems Commissioning Manual. 1 st ed. Sheet Metal and Air 
Conditioning Contractors’ National Association, Inc., Chantilly, VA. 
Sundell. 2011. Sundell, J., H. Levin, W. W. Nazaroff, W. S. Cain, W. J. Fisk, D. T. Grimsrud, F. 
Gyntelberg, Y. Li, A. K. Persily, A. C. Pickering, J. M. Samet, J. D. Spengler, S. T. Taylor, and 
C. J. Weschler. Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. 
Indoor Air , Volume 21: pp 191–204. 
US EPA. 2000. Tools for Schools. Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Radiation and Indoor 
Air, Indoor Environments Division (6609J). EPA 402-K-95-001, Second Edition. 
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tools4s2.html 
US EPA. 2006. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). US Environmental 
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Washington, DC. 
http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html 
25

Picture 1 
Typical univent, note items on top 
Picture 2 
Univent fresh air intakes (arrows)

Picture 3 
Univent controls, showing unit is shut off 
Picture 4 
Univent with cover ajar

Picture 5 
Open univent showing filter material in lattice “cage” 
Picture 6 
Vent sealed with plastic tape

Picture 7 
Damaged sealing material around rooftop access hatch 
Picture 8 
Water-damaged ceiling tiles in room 6A

Picture 9 
Water-damaged interlocking ceiling tiles 
Picture 10 
Classroom aquarium

Picture 11 
Out of service water fountain 
Picture 12 
Covered/sealed science lab sink

Picture 13 
Breaches under sink in room 6A 
Picture 14 
Black staining/possible mold growth on partition wall

Picture 15 
Staining/dirt on wall in teachers’ room closet 
Picture 16 
Shrub next to foundation

Picture 17 
Missing mortar above window 
Picture 18 
Tennis balls used as chair glides

Picture 19 
Whiteboard marker debris 
Picture 20 
Pottery kilns, note wall-mounted switch-activated exhaust fan several feel away (arrow)

Picture 21 
Kiln room exhaust fan with switch 
Picture 22 
Exposed fiberglass pipe insulation

Picture 23 
Black tape markings on device on teachers’ lounge ceiling

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/ 
Room 
Carbon 
Dioxide 
(ppm) 
Carbon 
Monoxide 
(ppm) 
Temp 
(°F) 
Relative 
Humidity 
(%) 
PM2.5 
(μg/m 3 ) Occupants 
in Room 
Windows 
Openable 
Ventilation 
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
Background 461 ND 55 46 4 Mostly cloudy, light wind 
03 practice 
room Y dusty Microwave, fridge and food 
101 935 ND 69 44 2 0 N N N AD, DO 
102 539 ND 70 35 2 0 Y, 2 open Y off Y off DO, TB, debris in UV 
103 915 ND 70 43 6 0 Y Y 2 UV 
off Y off UV ajar, DEM 
104 767 ND 73 38 4 0 N Y off Y off DEM, DO, TBs 
105 965 ND 70 48 6 0 Y Y UV 
off Y off Items, food 
106 768 ND 72 37 5 9 T Y off Y off DO, DEM 
107 1077 ND 69 37 11 18 Y, 3 open Y UV 
off Y 
Report of black staining on 
other side of interior 
partition wall 
108 637 ND 67 35 5 15 Y open Y off Y Items, DEM, paint, plants 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 1

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/
Room
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
109 1117 ND 72 39 6 14 Y Y UV 
off Y PF 
110 2217 ND 74 54 6 25 N Y Y DEM 
111 1131 ND 75 43 4 23 N Y Y DEM, AT, MT 
112 919 ND 71 46 3 5 Y Y off Y TB, items on UV 
113 1942 ND 74 48 7 23 Y Y off Y off DEM, PF 
114 Book 
storage PF blowing into room 111 
114 Science 821 ND 70 46 7 0 Y Y off Y Sinks covered and locked 
115 1113 ND 72 46 6 0 Y Y Y MT 
115 
computer 
storage 
745 ND 73 47 4 0 Y Y off Y off 
116 
computer 657 ND 74 40 1 0 Y Y N Wall AC, DO, water 
infiltration, WD-CT 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 2

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/
Room
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
201 1317 ND 71 46 8 0 Y Y UV Y on DEM 
202 1428 ND 72 47 9 12 Y Y UV Y on DEM 
203 1408 ND 72 47 6 14 Y Y UV 
off Y off PF, DEM 
204 1499 ND 72 49 11 17 N (interior 
room) Y off Y Lysol, DEM, MT, partition 
wall 
205 1320 ND 72 43 8 0 Y, 2 open Y UV 
off Y DEM, DO 
206 1236 ND 71 48 5 0 N (interior 
room) Y off Y off 
Items/clutter, 
exhaust/supply vents look 
the same 
207 1314 ND 71 46 11 0 Y, 2 open Y UV 
off Y off DEM, PF dusty 
208 3282 ND 74 60 15 50 N Y off Y off 
209 1686 ND 71 49 12 21 Y open Y UV 
off Y off Paper debris in UV, 2 PF 
(dusty), DEM 
210 2530 ND 72 55 11 24 Y Y off Y off DEM, items on UV 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 3

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/
Room
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
211 teacher’s 
room 1291 ND 70 46 4 8 Y Y off Y off 
212 1972 ND 71 50 6 3 Y Y off Y off PF, DEM 
213 1774 ND 71 50 7 23 Y Y UV 
off CP, DEM 
214 2050 ND 73 50 12 24 N (interior 
room) Y Y DEM, chalk, AP, items, 
dirty floor, PS, CP 
215 1406 ND 73 51 5 19 N Y DEM 
216 1288 ND 71 50 6 12 N Y DEM, MT, DO 
217 1253 ND 72 45 2 13 Y, 2 open Y off Y off PF, exposed fiberglass wrap 
in UV pipes 
218 1541 ND 72 52 10 28 Y Y off Y off Items on UV, DEM, PF 
219 1756 ND 69 53 7 0 Y Y UV 
off Y Dirty on floor, DO 
220 3353 ND 71 69 16 24 Y Y off Y off Items on UV, backsplash 
unsealed 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 4

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/
Room
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
221 SPED 1439 ND 70 49 7 1 (class left 
1 hour ago) Y Y UV 
off Y PF, cardboard under sink, 
DEM 
221B 1457 ND 70 50 5 5 Y Y UV 
off Items on UV, AQ, PF 
2 nd floor girls 
room ND 70 49 8 0 Y N Y off 
2 nd floor staff 
copy room D 1544 ND 70 49 6 0 Y Y off N MT, PC – odors, DO 
3 teachers 
room 1174 ND 72 46 3 12 Y Y off Y 
PC, smoke alarm crossed 
out, WD-CT, Window AC, 
DEM, dusty supply 
4 616 ND 71 40 5 1 Y Y off Y 3MT, irregular leak 
reported, 12 WD-CT 
5 1190 ND 71 43 14 3 Y Y off Y UV open, has debris. Sink 
6 1088 ND 70 45 10 4 Unknown Y UV 
off N MTs 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 5

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/
Room
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
6A, special 
ed. inclusion 
room 
1116 ND 71 44 21 2 Y open Y off N 
Concerns about odors, holes 
between sink and wall 
cavity, subflooring. 
Microwave, dishwasher, 
other kitchen items 
7 807 ND 71 43 8 1 Y Y Y 
A 936 ND 71 43 8 0 Y Y UV 
off DO 
Assistant 
Principal 728 ND 71 40 6 0 Y Y UV 
off N Window AC, small MT 
Band/Music 487 ND 64 40 5 0 N Y Y 
C SPED 
office 1240 ND 72 44 9 0 Y Y UV 
off N Window AC, MT with 
electric wires, DO, area rug 
Cafeteria 1273 ND 72 45 18 ~200 Y Y Y 
D (copy) 1591 ND 70 50 9 0 Y blocked Y UV 
on N DO, MT, PC, soiled walls, 
copy machine odor 
Faculty 
women’s 
room 
Deodorant scent 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 6

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/
Room
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
Gym 414 ND 64 37 7 14 N Y Y 
Library 1094 ND 73 44 2 0 N Y off Y off 
Library copy 
room 1227 ND 72 42 10 1 N, interior 
room Y Y 
Laminator, PC, sink, 
toaster, microwave, WD- 
CT, MT 
Little theater 707 ND 66 51 16 25 Y Y MT 
Main office 1074 ND 72 41 8 3 Y Y UV 
off 
Window AC, shredder, PC, 
electronics, items 
Music 996 ND 71 42 4 0 Y Y Y off 8 WD-CT 
Nurse 965 ND 71 44 7 0 N Y UV 
off Y off 
Occupational 
Therapy 
room 
1455 ND 73 44 7 1 N Y off Y off DEM, sanitizers, sink 
Principal’s 
Office 901 ND 71 41 5 1 Y Y UV 
off N Window AC, clutter 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 7

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: 11/2/2012 
Location/
Room
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
Reward 
room/health 805 ND 70 41 11 1 Y Y off Y Sink 
S8 (kiln 
closet) N N Y 
Exhaust is wall-mounted to 
outside on switch near kiln. 
MT, lead-free glazes 
Staff lounge 
right side 
restroom 
Buzzing light, toilet out of 
order 
Storeroom Cluttered 
Women’s 
first floor 
restroom 
Y off 
ppm = parts per million AT = ajar ceiling tile DO = door open PF = personal fan WD = water-damaged
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter CP = cleaning products MT = missing ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings
AC = air conditioner CT = ceiling tile ND = non detect TB = tennis balls
AD = air deodorizer DEM = dry erase materials PC = photocopier UV = univent 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 8