Middle school, August 2014

Department of Public Health · from Mass.gov · 46 pages · 3.2 MB
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY REASSESSMENT 
Winthrop Middle School 
151 Pauline Street 
Winthrop, Massachusetts 
Prepared by: 
Massachusetts Department of Public Health 
Bureau of Environmental Health 
Indoor Air Quality Program 
August 2014

Background/Introduction 
At the request of John J. Macero, Superintendent, Winthrop Public Schools, the 
Massachusetts Department of Public Health’s (MDPH), Bureau of Environmental Health (BEH) 
conducted a follow-up assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) at the Winthrop Middle School 
(WMS), 151 Pauline Street , Winthrop, Massachusetts. The BEH/IAQ program has made 
previous visits to the WMS. The most recent report was issued in January of 2013 based on a 
November 2012 IAQ assessment. Various recommendations to improve IAQ conditions at the 
school were made at that time. Appendix A of this report shows the recommendations from the 
2013 report and actions that have been taken. 
On June 17, 2014, a visit was made to the WMS by Michael Feeney, Director of BEH’s 
IAQ Program. He was accompanied by Ruth Alfasso, Environmental Engineer/Inspector and 
Jason Dustin, Environmental Analyst/Inspector in BEH’s IAQ Program. The request was to 
evaluate the WMS to identify possible issues regarding IAQ and efforts to address 
recommendations made in previous BEH/IAQ assessments prior to the use of the WMS as swing 
space to house high school students during the demolition and construction of the new Winthrop 
High School. 
The WMS is a two-story building with an occupied basement. The original portion of the 
building was constructed around 1945. The gym was added in 1954, and the rest of the school 
was constructed in 1972. The building has multi-level flat roofs that are approximately fifteen 
years old. The school consists of classrooms, a gymnasium, auditorium, library and offices. 
Windows throughout the school are openable. The building is adjacent to an ice rink used by the 
community and students. 
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Methods 
Air tests for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, temperature and relative humidity were 
conducted with the TSI, Q-Trak, IAQ Monitor, Model 7565. Air tests for airborne particle 
matter with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers were taken with the TSI, DUSTTRAK™ 
Aerosol Monitor Model 8520 and the TSI DUSTTRAK™ II Aerosol monitor 8532. BEH/IAQ 
staff also performed a visual inspection of building materials for water damage and/or microbial 
growth. 
Results 
The school houses approximately 475 students in sixth through eighth grade with 
approximately 50 staff members. Tests were taken during normal operations, and results appear 
in Table 1. 
Discussion 
Ventilation 
It can be seen from Table 1 that carbon dioxide levels were below 800 parts per million 
(ppm) in 46 of 64 areas tested, indicating adequate air exchange in about three quarters of the 
areas surveyed (Table 1). It is also important to note that most areas with openable windows had 
them open and many areas were empty/sparsely populated, which can greatly reduce carbon 
dioxide levels (Table 1). In many areas, ventilation equipment was found deactivated, therefore 
no means of mechanical ventilation was being provided to these areas at the time of testing. 
Carbon dioxide levels would be expected to increase with higher occupancy, windows closed 
and mechanical ventilation components deactivated. 
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Fresh air to exterior classrooms is supplied by unit ventilator (univent) systems (Picture 
1). A univent draws air from the outdoors through a fresh air intake located on the exterior wall 
of the building (Picture 2). Return air from the classroom is drawn through an air intake located 
at the base of the unit ( Figure 1 ). Fresh and return air are mixed, filtered, heated and provided to 
classrooms through an air diffuser located in the top of the unit. As mentioned, the majority of 
univents were found deactivated at the time of the assessment (Picture 3; Table 1). In addition, 
some univents were found obstructed by furniture and other items on top of air diffusers and/or 
in front of return vents along the bottom of the units. Some univent covers were ajar (Picture 1). 
Other univents had what appeared to be replacement diffusers consisting of a metal panel with 
holes drilled in it (Picture 4). This non-standard part may not be able to supply adequate fresh 
air and may also cause backpressure, which can damage the univent. In order for univents to 
provide fresh air as designed, they must remain “on” and operating while rooms are occupied 
and remain free of obstructions. 
The type of filter medium used in most univents comes in a bulk roll and must be cut to 
size before inserted into a metal lattice “cage” (Picture 5). This method is resource intensive, 
and results are variable. If the filter medium is not properly fitted, gaps can allow unfiltered air 
into the room and/or reduce the useful life of the unit. In some of the univents examined, the 
filter medium had been folded to fit into the cage, which indicates that filter medium cutting may 
not be standardized. 
Disposable filters with an appropriate dust spot efficiency and similar cost can be 
installed in univents. The dust spot efficiency is the ability of a filter to remove particulates of a 
certain diameter from air passing through the filter. Filters that have been determined by the 
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to meet 
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its standard for a dust spot efficiency of a minimum of 40% would be sufficient to reduce 
airborne particulates (MEHRC, 1997; ASHRAE, 1992). Note that increased filtration can reduce 
airflow produced by an air handling unit (AHU) or univent due to increased resistance. Prior to 
any increase of filtration, each unit should be evaluated by a ventilation engineer as to whether it 
can maintain function with more efficient filters. In one of the univents examined, disposable 
filters were found to be installed, however these were observed to be of a very low efficiency 
type (Picture 6), which do not remove significant amount of particulates. 
Some of the univents examined had dust and debris accumulated inside cabinets and on 
radiator fins. This material should be removed through vacuuming during regular filter changes. 
Spaces were also observed around pipes leading to univent cabinets (Picture 7). In addition, 
some of the gaps in the rear of univent cabinets had been blocked/filled with what appeared to be 
insulation batting, which is not only ineffective in blocking air through the gaps, but can also be 
a source of particulates. These gaps should be sealed with an appropriate fire-rated material to 
prevent the draw of odors and materials from other areas of the building into the univent. 
Note that the univents are original equipment, more than 35 years old. Function of 
equipment of this age is difficult to maintain, since compatible replacement parts are often 
unavailable. According to the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning 
Engineers (ASHRAE), the service life 1 for a unit heater, hot water or steam is 20 years, assuming 
routine maintenance of the equipment (ASHRAE, 1991). Despite attempts to maintain the 
univents, the operational lifespan of the equipment has been exceeded. Maintaining the balance 
of fresh air to exhaust air will become more difficult as the equipment ages and as replacement 
parts become increasingly difficult to obtain. 
1 The service life is the median time during which a particular system or component of …[an HVAC]… system remains in its original service 
application and then is replaced. Replacement may occur for any reason, including, but not limited to, failure, general obsolescence, reduced 
reliability, excessive maintenance cost, and changed system requirements due to such influences as building characteristics or energy prices 
(ASHRAE, 1991). 
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Exhaust ventilation for classrooms with univents is provided by wall-mounted exhaust 
vents ducted to rooftop motors. Some of the wall-mounted exhaust vents were blocked at the 
time of the assessment and many were found to be off or drawing air weakly (Table 1). As with 
supply ventilation, exhaust ventilation must be free of blockages and allowed to operate 
continuously while the building is occupied. 
Mechanical ventilation for interior classrooms and common areas (e.g., auditorium, 
gymnasium) is provided by rooftop AHUs. Fresh air is distributed via ceiling- or wall- mounted 
air diffusers or supply grills and ducted back to the AHUs via ceiling- or wall-mounted return 
vents. The ventilation system appeared to be on and operating in these interior classrooms. 
Note: the location of some of the exhaust vents are next to the supply vents. This configuration 
is not optimal for airflow, as fresh air can be captured by the exhaust vent before mixing with the 
room air (called short-circuiting). 
Exhaust ventilation is in place for restrooms and other areas, connected directly to 
exhaust fans on the roof. Many exhausts, however, were found not working or drawing weakly 
(Table 1). Of particular concern was the kitchen stove exhaust hood, which was not drawing air 
despite its on/off light indicating that the motor was activated. Restroom and kitchen exhaust 
ventilation is important because these areas generate heat, moisture, odors and pollutants that 
should be directly removed from the building. The kitchen in particular, has not only cooking 
odors and particulates but combustion products from the use of gas-fired appliances. Additional 
concerns regarding the kitchen area are discussed later in this report. 
To maximize air exchange, the MDPH recommends that both supply and exhaust 
ventilation operate continuously during periods of occupancy. In order to have proper 
ventilation with a mechanical supply and exhaust system, the systems must be balanced to 
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provide an adequate amount of fresh air to the interior of a room while removing stale air from 
the room. It is recommended HVAC systems be re-balanced every five years to ensure adequate 
air systems function (SMACNA, 1994). The date of the last balancing of these systems was not 
available at the time of assessment. 
Minimum design ventilation rates are mandated by the Massachusetts State Building 
Code (MSBC). Until 2011, the minimum ventilation rate in Massachusetts was higher for both 
occupied office spaces and general classrooms, with similar requirements for other occupied 
spaces (BOCA, 1993). The current version of the MSBC, promulgated in 2011 by the State 
Board of Building Regulations and Standards (SBBRS), adopted the 2009 International 
Mechanical Code (IMC) to set minimum ventilation rates. Please note that the MSBC is a 
minimum standard that is not health-based . At lower rates of cubic feet per minute (cfm) per 
occupant of fresh air, carbon dioxide levels would be expected to rise significantly. A 
ventilation rate of 20 cfm per occupant of fresh air provides optimal air exchange resulting in 
carbon dioxide levels at or below 800 ppm in the indoor environment in each area measured. 
MDPH recommends that carbon dioxide levels be maintained at 800 ppm or below. This is 
because most environmental and occupational health scientists involved with research on IAQ 
and health effects have documented significant increases in indoor air quality complaints and/or 
health effects when carbon dioxide levels rise above the MDPH guidelines of 800 ppm for 
schools, office buildings and other occupied spaces (Sundell et al., 2011). The ventilation must 
be on at all times that the room is occupied. Providing adequate fresh air ventilation with open 
windows and maintaining the temperature in the comfort range during the cold weather season is 
impractical. Mechanical ventilation is usually required to provide adequate fresh air ventilation. 
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Carbon dioxide is not a problem in and of itself. It is used as an indicator of the adequacy 
of the fresh air ventilation. As carbon dioxide levels rise, it indicates that the ventilating system 
is malfunctioning or the design occupancy of the room is being exceeded. When this happens, a 
buildup of common indoor air pollutants can occur, leading to discomfort or health complaints. 
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard for carbon dioxide is 
5,000 parts per million parts of air (ppm). Workers may be exposed to this level for 40 
hours/week, based on a time-weighted average (OSHA, 1997). 
The MDPH uses a guideline of 800 ppm for publicly occupied buildings. A guideline of 
600 ppm or less is preferred in schools due to the fact that the majority of occupants are young 
and considered to be a more sensitive population in the evaluation of environmental health 
status. Inadequate ventilation and/or elevated temperatures are major causes of complaints such 
as respiratory, eye, nose and throat irritation, lethargy and headaches. For more information 
concerning carbon dioxide, consult Appendix B . 
Indoor temperatures ranged from 74°F to 90°F, with most readings within the MDPH 
recommended range; a few areas were above recommended guidelines, particularly the kitchen 
which was at 90°F, further indicating the lack of exhaust ventilation and air exchange (Table 1). 
The MDPH recommends that indoor air temperatures be maintained in a range of 70°F to 78°F 
in order to provide for the comfort of building occupants. In many cases concerning indoor air 
quality, fluctuations of temperature in occupied spaces are typically experienced, even in a 
building with an adequate fresh air supply. In addition, it is difficult to control temperature and 
maintain comfort without operating the ventilation equipment as designed (e.g., univents/exhaust 
vents deactivated/obstructed). 
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Window-mounted air conditioners were observed in several areas. These units are 
normally equipped with filters, which should be cleaned or changed as per manufacturer’s 
instructions to avoid the build-up and re-aerosolization of dirt, dust and particulate matter. 
Indoor relative humidity measurements the day of the assessment ranged from 53 to 80 
percent, most of which were within or close to the MDPH recommended comfort range (Table 
1), and reflective of outdoor conditions. The MDPH recommends a comfort range of 40 to 60 
percent for indoor air relative humidity. Again, of note is the relative humidity of 80 percent in 
the kitchen area indicating the lack of exhaust ventilation to remove heat and moisture generated 
by kitchen activities. 
Relative humidity levels in the building would be expected to drop during winter months 
due to heating. The sensation of dryness and irritation is common in a low relative humidity 
environment. Low relative humidity is a very common problem during the heating season in the 
northeast part of the United States. 
Microbial/Moisture Concerns 
Water-damaged ceiling tiles were observed in many areas (Picture 8), reportedly from 
leaks from the hot water and/or steam heating system. In other areas, ceiling tiles had been 
removed due to water damage (Picture 9). A bucket was observed inside the ceiling plenum in a 
hallway to catch leaks (Picture 10). In room 6C (lower level next to the cafeteria), a ceiling tile 
was observed to have dark staining indicating mold growth; this stain was reported to be new as 
the ceiling tile had been recently changed out. This room is located in a partially below-grade 
area that was also of concern during the 2012 visit. 
In some areas, water-damaged tiles were the interlocking mineral variety, which can be 
difficult to replace. As mentioned in the 2012 report, these interlocking mineral tiles may 
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contain asbestos mastic. A determination should be made concerning whether these tiles contain 
asbestos. If they do, the tiles should be left in place until they can be removed by a licensed 
asbestos remediation contractor. 
Water damage was observed in the form of efflorescence along the bottom of walls on 
the second floor behind vinyl coving. Efflorescence is a characteristic sign of water damage to 
brick and mortar, but it is not mold growth. As moisture penetrates and works its way through 
mortar, brick or plaster, water-soluble compounds dissolve, creating a solution. As the solution 
moves to the surface of the material, the water evaporates, leaving behind white, powdery 
mineral deposits. This indicates that chronic moistening of these areas is occurring. In these 
cases, the coving is preventing the wall materials, which are non-organic and do not grow mold, 
from drying and should be removed until a long-term solution to prevent water infiltration in 
these areas can be implemented. 
In the kitchen, along with typical sources of moisture, a washer and dryer were observed 
in the food preparation area. The clothes dryer was observed to be venting into a lint collector 
on the floor. Although it was reported that this dryer is not used, if it was, it would vent 
significant amounts of moisture, odors and products of combustion directly into the kitchen area. 
As also observed during the 2012 IAQ assessment, drinking fountains in the main 
hallways were found to be out of order and covered with plastic (Picture 11). In addition, lab 
sinks in a science classroom were covered and the cabinets beneath them were locked. It is not 
known if the water service to these disused fixtures had been shut off. To prevent both water 
leaks and the infiltration of sewer gases through unused drains, it is recommended that these 
fixtures be repaired or properly abandoned. 
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Plants were observed in some areas (Table 1). Plants should be properly maintained and 
equipped with drip pans. Plants should also be located away from ventilation sources to prevent 
aerosolization of dirt, pollen or mold. Plants should not be placed on porous materials, since 
water damage to porous materials may lead to microbial growth. 
Some refrigerators examined had dark staining indicating mold growth on gaskets 
(Picture 12). The gaskets should be cleaned with a mild detergent or antimicrobial solution. 
Frequent/excessive mold staining on gaskets is an indication that the refrigerator does not seal 
properly and needs to be repaired/replaced. 
Several doors to the exterior were observed to be broken or lacking weather-stripping. 
These breaches can allow drafts, moisture and pests into the building (Picture 13). 
Other IAQ Evaluations 
Indoor air quality can be negatively influenced by the presence of respiratory irritants, 
such as products of combustion. The process of combustion produces a number of pollutants. 
Common combustion emissions include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor and 
smoke (fine airborne particle material). Of these materials, exposure to carbon monoxide and 
particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers (μm) or less (PM2.5) can produce 
immediate, acute health effects upon exposure. To determine whether combustion products were 
present in the indoor environment, BEH/IAQ staff obtained measurements for carbon monoxide 
and PM2.5. 
Carbon Monoxide 
Carbon monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion of organic matter (e.g., 
gasoline, wood and tobacco). Exposure to carbon monoxide can produce immediate and acute 
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health affects. Several air quality standards have been established to address carbon monoxide 
and prevent symptoms from exposure to these substances. The MDPH established a corrective 
action level concerning carbon monoxide in ice skating rinks that use fossil-fueled ice 
resurfacing equipment. If an operator of an indoor ice rink measures a carbon monoxide level 
over 30 ppm, taken 20 minutes after resurfacing within a rink, that operator must take actions to 
reduce carbon monoxide levels (MDPH, 1997). 
The American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers 
(ASHRAE) has adopted the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as one set of 
criteria for assessing indoor air quality and monitoring of fresh air introduced by HVAC systems 
(ASHRAE, 1989). The NAAQS are standards established by the US EPA to protect the public 
health from six criteria pollutants, including carbon monoxide and particulate matter (US EPA, 
2006). As recommended by ASHRAE, pollutant levels of fresh air introduced to a building 
should not exceed the NAAQS levels (ASHRAE, 1989). The NAAQS were adopted by 
reference in the Building Officials & Code Administrators (BOCA) National Mechanical Code 
of 1993 (BOCA, 1993), which is now an HVAC standard included in the MSBC (SBBRS, 
2011). According to the NAAQS, carbon monoxide levels in outdoor air should not exceed 9 
ppm in an eight-hour average (US EPA, 2006). 
Carbon monoxide should not be present in a typical, indoor environment . If it is present, 
indoor carbon monoxide levels should be less than or equal to outdoor levels. Outdoor carbon 
monoxide concentrations were non-detect (ND) at the time of assessment (Table 1). No 
measureable levels of carbon monoxide were detected inside the building during the assessment 
(Table 1). 
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Particulate Matter 
The US EPA has established NAAQS limits for exposure to particulate matter. 
Particulate matter is airborne solids that can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat. The 
NAAQS originally established exposure limits to particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or 
less (PM10). According to the NAAQS, PM10 levels should not exceed 150 micrograms per 
cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) in a 24-hour average (US EPA, 2006). These standards were adopted by 
both ASHRAE and BOCA. Since the issuance of the ASHRAE standard and BOCA Code, US 
EPA established a more protective standard for fine airborne particles. This more stringent 
PM2.5 standard requires outdoor air particle levels be maintained below 35 μg/m 3 over a 24-hour 
average (US EPA, 2006). Although both the ASHRAE standard and BOCA Code adopted the 
PM10 standard for evaluating air quality, MDPH uses the more protective PM2.5 standard for 
evaluating airborne particulate matter concentrations in the indoor environment. 
Outdoor PM2.5 concentrations the day of assessment were measured at 24 μg/m 3 . PM2.5 
levels measured inside the building ranged from 16 to 70 μg/m 3 (Table 1). Some of the indoor 
measurements were above the NAAQS PM2.5 level of 35 μg/m 3 . Frequently, indoor air levels of 
particulates (including PM2.5) can be at higher levels than those measured outdoors. A number 
of activities that occur indoors and/or mechanical devices can generate particulate matter during 
normal operations. Sources of indoor airborne particulates may include but are not limited to 
particles generated during the operation of fan belts in the HVAC system, use of stoves and/or 
microwave ovens in kitchen areas; use of photocopiers, fax machines and computer printing 
devices; operation of an ordinary vacuum cleaner and heavy foot traffic indoors. 
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Volatile Organic Compounds 
Indoor air concentrations can be greatly impacted by the use of products containing 
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are carbon-containing substances that have the 
ability to evaporate at room temperature. Frequently, exposure to low levels of total VOCs 
(TVOCs) may produce eye, nose, throat and/or respiratory irritation in some sensitive 
individuals. For example, chemicals evaporating from a paint can stored at room temperature 
would most likely contain VOCs. In an effort to identify materials that can potentially increase 
indoor VOC concentrations, BEH/IAQ staff examined rooms for products containing these 
respiratory irritants. 
Cleaning products were found in a number of rooms throughout the building (Table 1). 
Cleaning products contain chemicals that can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat of 
sensitive individuals. These products should be properly labeled and stored in an area 
inaccessible to children. In addition, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be available at 
a central location for each product in the event of an emergency. Consideration should be given 
to providing teaching staff with school issued cleaning products and supplies to prevent any 
potential for adverse chemical interactions between residues left from cleaners used by the 
facilities staff and those left by cleaners brought in by others. 
There are several rooms in the building containing photocopiers and lamination 
machines. Photocopiers and lamination machines can be sources of pollutants such as VOCs, 
ozone, heat and odors, particularly if the equipment is older and in frequent use. Both VOCs and 
ozone are respiratory irritants (Schmidt Etkin, 1992). Photocopiers should be kept in well 
ventilated rooms, and should be located near windows or exhaust vents. 
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Many classrooms contained dry erase boards and related materials. In some areas, dry 
erase material debris was collected on the marker tray. Materials such as dry erase markers and 
dry erase board cleaners may contain VOCs, such as methyl isobutyl ketone, n-butyl acetate and 
butyl-cellusolve (Sanford, 1999), which can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat. 
Air fresheners and deodorizing materials were observed in some areas (Table 1). Air 
deodorizers contain chemicals that can be irritating to the eyes, nose and throat of sensitive 
individuals. Many air fresheners contain 1,4-dichlorobenzene, a VOC which may cause 
reductions in lung function (NIH, 2006). Importantly, deodorizing agents do not remove 
materials causing odors, but rather mask odors that may be present in the area. 
Other Conditions 
Other conditions that can affect indoor air quality were observed during the assessment. 
As mentioned in the 2013 report, a storeroom adjacent to the art area has two pottery kilns. 
These can be a significant source of moisture and other pollutants when operating. Pottery kilns 
are also a source of waste heat that can present a safety/fire hazard. The kilns appeared to be 
electrically operated, and there was a switch-operated exhaust fan in the wall near but not 
directly adjacent to the kilns. The kilns were not outfitted with dedicated exhaust hoods to 
remove heat and pollutants directly outside the building. In addition, the switch for the exhaust 
may be difficult to reach when the kilns are in operation, since the switches are located next to 
the fan on the wall. Kilns should be vented directly outdoors and kept away from students. 
In many areas, ceiling tiles were missing, reportedly due to water leaks and ongoing 
repairs. This makes the ceiling tile system discontinuous, which can allow particulates from 
above the ceiling tile system to enter the classroom below, particularly when classrooms are 
depressurized where exhaust is functioning without supply ventilation. 
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In some classrooms and offices, items were observed on windowsills, tabletops, counters, 
bookcases and desks (Table 1). The large number of items stored in classrooms provides a 
source for dusts to accumulate. These items (e.g., papers, folders, boxes) make it difficult for 
custodial staff to clean. Items should be relocated and/or be cleaned periodically to avoid 
excessive dust build up. In addition, these materials can accumulate on flat surfaces (e.g., 
desktops, shelving and carpets) in occupied areas and subsequently be re-aerosolized causing 
further irritation. 
Dust was also observed accumulated on the blades of personal fans, univent diffusers and 
exhaust vents. Univents, exhaust vents and fans should be cleaned periodically in order to 
prevent them from serving as a source of aerosolized particulates. Floors in some areas were 
also found to be dirty; dirt and dust on the floors can also become a source of aerosolized 
particulates. 
As mentioned in the 2013 report, exposed fiberglass insulation was observed around 
pipes leading into univent cabinets. Fiberglass particles are a source of irritation to the eyes, skin 
and respiratory system. Pipe wrapping should be examined, and exposed insulation should be re- 
wrapped to prevent aerosolization of fiberglass materials. 
Birds were observed to be nesting inside sections of a window (Picture 14). Birds and 
bird wastes can be sources of allergens and microbial contamination. The birds should be 
removed and the windows repaired or replaced. 
Conclusions/Recommendations 
It was reported to BEH/IAQ staff that there may be plans to replace the WMS after the 
construction of the new Winthrop High School. If this plan goes forward, a new school would 
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not be available until approximately 2016. As a result, the BEH/IAQ Program recommends a 
two-phase approach. The first consists of short-term measures to improve air quality and the 
second consists of long-term measures that will require planning and resources to adequately 
address overall IAQ concerns, particularly if no new middle school is planned in the near future. 
Short-Term Recommendations 
1. Complete the recommendations from the 2013 report (Appendix A). 
2. Operate all ventilation systems throughout the building including univents and interior 
classroom HVAC systems continuously during periods of occupancy to maximize air 
exchange, particulary given the high levels of carbon dioxide documented in numerous 
areas of the school. 
3. Consult with an HVAC engineering firm regarding the feasibility of repair vs. 
replacement of ventilation system components given their age. In the interim, work with 
an HVAC engineering firm to adjust/repair univents and exhaust vents to improve air 
exchange in classrooms. This should include replacement of the makeshift air diffusers 
such as those shown in Picture 4 with standard ones. 
4. Remove all blockages/items from the surface of univent air diffusers and return vents 
(along front/bottom) to ensure adequate airflow. 
5. Remove all blockages from exhaust vents. 
6. Consult with a ventilation contractor to evaluate and repair the kitchen exhaust hood. 
7. Consider replacing metal filter racks with proper fitting disposable filters with an equal or 
greater dust-spot efficiency to eliminate the time needed to replace filters from bulk 
material rolls. Prior to any increase of filtration, each piece of air handling equipment 
should be evaluated by a ventilation engineer as to whether it can maintain function with 
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more efficient filters. The time saved through this measure may allow an increased 
frequency of filter changes; changing filters 2-4 times a year is recommended. 
8. Consider adopting a balancing schedule of every 5 years for all mechanical ventilation 
systems, as recommended by ventilation industrial standards (SMACNA, 1994). 
9. Use openable windows to supplement fresh air in the classrooms during occupancy. If 
thermal comfort is a concern, consider opening windows between classes and during 
unoccupied periods. Care should be taken to ensure windows are closed at the day’s end. 
10. For buildings in New England, periods of low relative humidity during the winter are 
often unavoidable. Therefore, scrupulous cleaning practices should be adopted to 
minimize common indoor air contaminants whose irritant effects can be enhanced when 
the relative humidity is low. To control dusts, a high efficiency particulate arrestance 
(HEPA) filter equipped vacuum cleaner in conjunction with wet wiping of all surfaces is 
recommended. Avoid the use of feather dusters. Drinking water during the day can help 
ease some symptoms associated with a dry environment (throat and sinus irritations). 
11. Determine whether interlocking ceiling tiles contain asbestos. If so, remediate damaged 
tiles in conformance with Massachusetts asbestos remediation and hazardous waste 
disposal laws. 
12. Make repairs to the heating system piping to prevent leaks. Replace stained and missing 
ceiling tiles and ensure that the ceiling plenum is complete/intact to prevent migration of 
particulates from above the ceiling tile system into occupied areas. 
13. Remove coving from the base of walls on the second floor to allow for drying of water 
infiltrating through bricks until the exterior of the building can be repaired. 
14. Remove the washer and dryer from the kitchen area. 
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15. Seal holes/breaches where pipes from univents and sinks penetrate into the crawlspace or 
wall cavity with appropriate fire-rated sealant to prevent movement of odors/particles 
from wall cavities and subfloor areas. 
16. Repair broken/unused plumbing fixtures or decommission them completely. 
17. Ensure indoor plants are equipped with drip pans. Examine drip pans periodically for 
mold growth and disinfect with an appropriate antimicrobial, as needed. Move plants 
away from the air stream of mechanical ventilation equipment. 
18. Store cleaning products properly and out of reach of students. All cleaning products used 
at the facility should be approved by the school department with MSDS’ available at a 
central location. 
19. Refrain from using air fresheners and deodorizers to prevent exposure to VOCs. 
20. Ensure that dedicated exhaust ventilation is operating every time the kilns are in use and 
for a period of time afterward to remove heat, particulates and other pollutants. Consider 
replacing the wall-mounted exhaust with a hood fitted directly over the kilns. 
21. Remove birds from the window shown in Picture 14 and repair/replace the window to 
prevent reoccurrence. 
22. Relocate or consider reducing the amount of materials stored in classrooms to allow for 
more thorough cleaning of classrooms. Clean items regularly with a wet cloth or sponge 
to prevent excessive dust build-up. 
23. Clean air diffusers, exhaust/return vents and personal fans periodically of accumulated 
dust. 
24. Clean portable air conditioner filters as per manufacturer’s instructions to avoid the build- 
up and re-aerosolization of dirt, dust and particulate matter. 
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25. Clean chalk and dry-erase marker trays of accumulated dust and debris regularly using a 
damp cloth or HEPA filtered vacuum attachment. 
26. Ensure local exhaust is operating in areas with photocopiers and lamination machines; if 
not feasible consider relocating to areas with local exhaust ventilation or install local 
exhaust ventilation in areas where this equipment is used to reduce excess heat and odors. 
27. Encapsulate exposed fiberglass insulation around univent pipes in classrooms. 
28. Consider adopting the US EPA (2000) document, “Tools for Schools”, as an instrument 
for maintaining a good indoor air quality environment in the building. This document is 
available at: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/index.html 
29. Refer to resource manual and other related indoor air quality documents located on the 
MDPH’s website for further building-wide evaluations and advice on maintaining public 
buildings. These documents are available at: http://mass.gov/dph/iaq 
Long-Term Recommendations 
1. Consult with an HVAC engineering firm for a plan to replace ventilation system 
components. Take into consideration the current and likely future use of spaces to 
determine the placement of supply and exhaust ventilation to maximize airflow and 
removal of pollutants and odors, including dedicated exhaust ventilation in areas where 
copy machines, laminators, kilns, chemicals, and food preparation equipment are used. 
2. Repair exterior, including repointing of brickwork as needed to prevent water infiltration. 
3. Consult with an engineering firm to determine if all or portions of the roof should be 
replaced. 
20

References 
ASHRAE. 1989. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, 
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE 62-1989. 
ASHRAE. 1991. ASHRAE Applications Handbook, Chapter 33 “Owning and Operating 
Costs”. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 
GA. 
ASHRAE. 1992. Gravimetric and Dust-Spot Procedures for Testing Air-Cleaning Devices Used 
in General Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter. American Society of Heating, 
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE 52.1-1992. 
BOCA. 1993. The BOCA National Mechanical Code/1993. 8 th ed. Building Officials & Code 
Administrators International, Inc., Country Club Hills, IL. 
IMC, 2009. 2009 International Mechanical Code. International Code Council Inc., Country 
Club Hills, IL. 
MDPH. 1997. Requirements to Maintain Air Quality in Indoor Skating Rinks (State Sanitary 
Code, Chapter XI). 105 CMR 675.000. Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, 
MA. 
MEHRC. 1997. Indoor Air Quality for HVAC Operators & Contractors Workbook. 
OSHA. 1997. Limits for Air Contaminants. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 
Code of Federal Regulations. 29 C.F.R 1910.1000 Table Z-1-A. 
NIH. 2006. Chemical in Many Air Fresheners May Reduce Lung Function. NIH News. 
National Institute of Health. July 27, 2006. http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2006/niehs-27.htm 
Sanford. 1999. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS No: 198-17). Expo  Dry Erase Markers 
Bullet, Chisel, and Ultra Fine Tip. Sanford Corporation. Bellwood, IL. 
SBBRS. 2011. Mechanical Ventilation. State Board of Building Regulations and Standards. 
Code of Massachusetts Regulations, 8 th edition. 780 CMR 1209.0. 
Schmidt Etkin, D. 1992. Office Furnishings/Equipment & IAQ Health Impacts, Prevention & 
Mitigation. Cutter Information Corporation, Indoor Air Quality Update, Arlington, MA. 
SMACNA. 1994. HVAC Systems Commissioning Manual. 1 st ed. Sheet Metal and Air 
Conditioning Contractors’ National Association, Inc., Chantilly, VA. 
Sundell. 2011. Sundell, J., H. Levin, W. W. Nazaroff, W. S. Cain, W. J. Fisk, D. T. Grimsrud, 
F. Gyntelberg, Y. Li, A. K. Persily, A. C. Pickering, J. M. Samet, J. D. Spengler, S. T. Taylor, 
21

and C. J. Weschler. Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific 
literature. Indoor Air , Volume 21: pp 191–204. 
US EPA. 2000. Tools for Schools. Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Radiation and Indoor 
Air, Indoor Environments Division (6609J). EPA 402-K-95-001, Second Edition. 
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tools4s2.html 
US EPA. 2006. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). US Environmental 
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Washington, DC. 
http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html 
22

Picture 1 
Typical univent, note obstructions, ajar cover, items on top 
Picture 2 
Univent fresh air intakes (arrows)

Picture 3 
Univent controls, univent is off 
Picture 4 
Top of univent showing non-standard replacement diffuser

Picture 5 
Univent filter medium in lattice cage, note rust/deterioration of cage 
Picture 6 
Disposable filter in univent cabinet; this type of filter has a very low dust spot efficiency

Picture 7 
Pipe to univent cabinet with spaces (see light) around it to floor below 
Picture 8 
Water-damaged ceiling tiles

Picture 9 
Water-damaged ceiling tiles and missing tiles 
Picture 10 
Missing ceiling tile and bucket in hallway

Picture 11 
Covered water fountain in hallway 
Picture 12 
Refrigerator with dark staining/mold on gaskets

Picture 13 
Gaps where doors to outside lack weather stripping 
Picture 14 
Bird nesting inside window

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 Date: June 17, 2014 
Location 
Carbon 
Dioxide 
(ppm) 
Carbon 
Monoxide 
(ppm) 
Temp 
(°F) 
Relative 
Humidity 
(%) 
PM2.5 
(μg/m 3 ) 
Occupants 
in Room 
Windows 
Openable 
Ventilation 
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
Background 415 ND 80 52 24 Cloudy, humid, hazy 
1 st floor ladies N N 
Y 
Dusty/ 
Weak 
CP/AD 
A (A.D.) 514 ND 78 62 21 0 Y 
Open 
Y 
Off N AI, in-boxes for mail 
Advisor/counselor 530 ND 77 63 23 1 N Y Y 1 MT, DO 
Art room supply area 814 ND 78 54 19 0 N N Y Door vent 
Assistant principal 479 ND 77 63 43 0 Y Open Y UV 
Off N WAC 
Boys Bathroom off 
cafeteria 
Y 
Weak MT, WD-CT 
Cafeteria 1107 ND 77 70 26 100+ N Y Y 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 1

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
Cafeteria 1060 ND 78 65 21 112 N Y Y Strong cooking/grease odors 
D (sped) 839 ND 77 63 21 1 Y 
Open N N PC, Printer, MT, DO 
Gym 495 ND 76 61 26 0 N Y Y o 
Kiln Room 0 N N Y 
Switch MT 
Kitchen 689 ND 90 80 23 10 N Y Y 
Off 2 WD CT, broken CT 
Library 546 ND 76 65 22 0 N Y Y 1 MT, DO 
Main Office 465 ND 79 60 38 1 Y 
Open 
Y UV 
Off 
WAC on (window closed when turned on), 
DO, PC 
Music Storage Area N N Y Microwave, MF, PF, AP, items, small 
room 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 2

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
Office Kitchenette 543 ND 77 64 38 1 N N Y Sink, fridge, microwave, toaster 
Principal’s Office 544 ND 80 53 31 4 Y 
2 Open Y Y PF, WAC 
Special Education 795 ND 77 55 20 0 N N Y 
Staff Restroom N N Y Exhaust off 
Storeroom WD CT 
Storeroom 653 ND 78 62 24 0 N N Y Door unit for supply air, WD CTs (5), DO 
Technology/storage 658 ND 76 60 30 0 N Y Partially carpeted, overhead door broken at 
bottom 
Theater 498 ND 74 69 26 0 N Y o Y DO 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 3

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
Theater R 465 ND 74 74 31 0 Y Y o Y o 4 MT 
Therapy 617 ND 74 66 24 0 N Y Y DO 
2 nd Floor C Special ed 
Office 644 ND 78 62 31 2 Y 1 
Open 
Y UV 
Off WAC 
04 816 ND 77 60 21 3 Y 
Closed 
Y 
Off Y Kitchen, plant, UF, 6 MT, several WD 
CTs 
05 Special Ed 630 ND 75 60 34 0 Y Y Open CT area, bowed CTs, sink, mastic up 
on floor 
06A Special Ed 832 ND 76 64 46 5 Y Y 
WD CT reported new, possible mold on 
CT, CP under sink, holes to subfloor, 
fridge, microwave 
07 702 ND 76 60 19 3 Y Y Y DEM, PF, 2 bowed CTs 
08 (Music) 1038 ND 77 61 31 1 Unknown Y UV 
Off Y WD CT, AP, items 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 4

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
015 625 ND 76 61 23 2 Y Y Y DO 
102 727 ND 77 63 43 24 Y 
Open 
Y UV 
Off Y DO, PS, DEM 
103 580 ND 77 61 21 4 
Y 
2 Open 
w/fan 
Y 
Off Y DEM, AI, boxes 
105 660 ND 78 64 21 5 Y 
3 Open 
Y 
On Y DEM, plush doll, CP 
106 - ND 78 65 28 2 Y Open Y Y DEM, DO 
107 531 ND 77 61 37 0 Y Open Y UV 
Off Y 
107 466 ND 78 60 22 0 Y 
2 Open 
Y 
Off Y DEM, AI 
108 563 ND 78 64 28 1 Y Open N Y Fan in window, DO 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 5

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
109 559 DN 77 63 21 0 Y 
2 Open 
Y 
Off Y AI, DEM 
111 507 ND 78 60 29 3 N Y UV 
On Y CD 
112 520 ND 78 62 34 1 Y 
Open 
Y UV 
On Y PF in window, DEM, AP 
113 472 ND 77 60 35 1 Y 
2 Open Y Y PF on, UV ajar, DEM, opening in 
ceiling/MT 
114 518 ND 78 60 35 2 Y 
Open Y Y Sinks, most of them blocked off, CP, 
chalk, area rug (dirty) 
115 809 ND 79 62 70 25 Y Y Y Area rug 
116 Computer (Front) 605 ND 77 62 20 0 Y 
Closed 
Y 
Off Y MT, computers, chalk board 
116 Computer (Rear) 1214 ND 80 63 19 29 Y 
2 Open Y Y Computers, DEM, AC unit (off) 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 6

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
121 544 ND 76 65 23 0 N Y Y 1 MT, laminator, plants, DO 
201 696 ND 78 59 31 0 Y 
2 Open 
Y UV 
Off 
Y 
Off PF on, PS, movable wall material 
202 705 ND 77 60 18 1 Y 
Open N Y 
On DEM 
203 914 ND 78 62 31 18 Y 
2 Open 
Y UV 
Off Y DEM 
204 791 ND 77 64 23 12 N Y Y 
205 904 ND 79 61 31 21 Y 
2 Open 
Y UV 
Off Y DEM, plants 
206 627 ND 75 64 22 4 N Y Y DO 
207 714 ND 79 61 31 24 Y 
2 Open 
Y UV 
Off Y AP, DEM, DO 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 7

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
208 911 ND 76 67 24 22 N Y Y MTs, clutter 
209 738 ND 79 60 31 24 Y 
2 Open 
Y UV 
Off Y DO, PF on, DEM 
210 815 ND 78 64 30 18 Y 
Open Y Y Floor fan, MT, DO 
211 (mostly storage) 714 ND 78 57 32 1 Y 
Y UV 
Off- 
blocked 
Y 
On Plush toys, items 
212 650 ND 79 61 32 0 Y 
Open Y? Y 
213 760 ND 78 61 41 25 Y 
Open 
Y UV 
Off AP, CD, DEM 
214 789 ND 78 61 24 19 N Y Y CD, DO 
215 1192 ND 79 58 17 10 N Y Y DEM, AI 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 8

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
Location
Carbon
Dioxide
(ppm)
Carbon
Monoxide
(ppm)
Temp
(°F)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
PM2.5
(μg/m 3 )
Occupants
in Room
Windows
Openable
Ventilation
Remarks Supply Exhaust 
216 1287 ND 76 64 16 26 N DEM 
217 1018 ND 78 65 23 26 Y 
2 Open 
Y 
Off Y DEM 
218 1534 ND 78 65 18 15 Y 
2 Open 
Y 
Off Y DEM 
219 583 ND 76 60 20 0 Y 
2 Open 
Y 
Off 
Y 
Off DEM, class not used (empty) 
220 961 ND 78 61 21 23 Y Y Y 
Off 
Sink needs caulking at backsplash, DEM, 
art supplies 
221A 613 ND 77 60 31 4 Y 
2 Open 
Y UV 
Off Y DEM, PF – dusty, partially carpeted 
221B 482 ND 78-79 62 36 3 Y 
1 Open 
Y UV 
Off N Fridge, PF on 
227 Physical Therapy 582 ND 76 62 17 0 N Y Y DEM, DO 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 9

Location: Winthrop Middle School Indoor Air Results
Address: 151 Pauline Street, Winthrop, MA Table 1 (continued) Date: June 17, 2014 
ppm = parts per million MF = mini fridge DEM = dry erase materials ND = non detect AI = accumulated items
μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter WD = water-damaged DO = door open PC = photocopier UV = univent
WAC = window air conditioner CD = chalk dust MT = missing ceiling tile PF = personal fan UF = upholstered furniture
AD = air deodorizer CP = cleaning products AP = air purifier CT = ceiling tile PS = pencil shavings 
Comfort Guidelines 
Carbon Dioxide: < 600 ppm = preferred Temperature: 70 - 78 °F
600 - 800 ppm = acceptable Relative Humidity: 40 - 60%
> 800 ppm = indicative of ventilation problems Particle matter 2.5 < 35 ug/m 3 
Table 1, page 10

Appendix A 
Actions on MDPH Recommendations at 
Winthrop Middle School, Winthrop, MA 
The following is a status report of action(s) taken on MDPH recommendations made in 
the January 2013 MDPH report ( in bold ) based on reports from school officials, maintenance 
staff, documents, photographs and MDPH staff observations taken during the June 2014 
reassessment. 
Short-Term Recommendations: 
 Operate all ventilation systems throughout the building including univents and 
interior classroom HVAC systems continuously during periods of occupancy to 
maximize air exchange. This is of critical importance given the high levels of 
carbon dioxide documented in numerous areas of the school. 
 Action: Not done. The majority of all unit ventilators were manually turned off at 
the time of the June 17, 2014 visit. Multiple exhaust ventilation fans were also not 
functioning or had very weak draw at the vent location. 
 Consult with an HVAC engineering firm regarding the feasibility of repair vs. 
replacement of ventilation system components given their age. In the interim, 
work with an HVAC engineering firm to adjust/repair univents and exhaust 
vents to improve air exchange in classrooms. 
 Action: Maintenance personnel informed BEH/IAQ staff that a sum of $30,000 had 
been spent to improve conditions. Unit ventilators opened for examination appeared 
to function (turned on, created air flow), but were found turned off and remained in 
the “winter” setting for heating rather than unheated ventilation. 
Appendix A, page 11

Appendix A 
 Remove all blockages/items from the surface of univent air diffusers and return 
vents (along front/bottom) to ensure adequate airflow. Remove all blockages 
from exhaust vents. 
 Action: Not done. Many rooms still had items stored on top of uninvent diffusers 
and in front of return vents. 
 Consider replacing metal filter racks with proper fitting disposable filters with 
an equal or greater dust-spot efficiency to eliminate the time needed to replace 
filters from bulk material rolls. Prior to any increase of filtration, each piece of 
air handling equipment should be evaluated by a ventilation engineer as to 
whether it can maintain function with more efficient filters. The time saved 
through this measure may allow an increased frequency of filter changes; 
changing filters at least twice a year is recommended. 
 Action: Not done. The majority of uninvent filters examined had metal filter racks 
with cut-to-fit filter material, some of which was found folded and otherwise 
improperly fitted to the racks. Racks were found in deteriorated/rusted states during 
the examination. 
 Consider adopting a balancing schedule of every 5 years for all mechanical 
ventilation systems, as recommended by ventilation industrial standards 
(SMACNA, 1994). 
 Action: It could not be determined when the last system balancing was performed. 
 Use openable windows to supplement fresh air in the classrooms during 
occupancy. If thermal comfort is a concern, consider opening windows between 
classes and during unoccupied periods. Care should be taken to ensure windows 
are closed at the day’s end. 
Appendix A, page 12

Appendix A 
 Action: Most classrooms with windows had them open as the sole source of 
ventilation since the unit ventilators were turned off. 
 For buildings in New England, periods of low relative humidity during the 
winter are often unavoidable. Therefore, scrupulous cleaning practices should 
be adopted to minimize common indoor air contaminants whose irritant effects 
can be enhanced when the relative humidity is low. To control dusts, a high 
efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) filter equipped vacuum cleaner in 
conjunction with wet wiping of all surfaces is recommended. Avoid the use of 
feather dusters. Drinking water during the day can help ease some symptoms 
associated with a dry environment (throat and sinus irritations). 
 Action: Not done. Accumulated items on surfaces, chalk & dry erase marker debris 
in trays, and general dusty conditions indicate that scrupulous cleaning practices have 
not been adopted. 
 Ensure roof flashing/junctions and plumbing leaks are repaired and replace any 
remaining water-damaged ceiling tiles and wall materials. Examine the area 
above these tiles for mold growth. Disinfect areas of water leaks with an 
appropriate antimicrobial, as needed. 
 Action: The roof was not examined at the time of the June 17, 2014 visit. 
Maintenance personnel stated that water-damaged ceiling tiles and other evidence of 
water penetration stem from leaks from the hot water heating system. 
 Determine whether interlocking ceiling tiles contain asbestos. If so, remediate 
damaged tiles in conformance with Massachusetts asbestos remediation and 
hazardous waste disposal laws. 
Appendix A, page 13

Appendix A 
 Action: Not done. Damaged interlocking ceiling tiles remain in place. No 
information regarding asbestos determination was available at the time of the June 17, 
2014 visit. 
 Clean partition wall between rooms 107 and 109 with an antimicrobial agent 
and allow it to dry completely; layers of paint may also need to be scraped off to 
get at the wall substrate layer. Consider moving the black fabric wall hanging 
from this location to prevent this area from accumulating moisture. 
 Action: Partition wall in this room appeared to be free from mold/staining. 
 Seal holes/breaches where pipes from univents and sinks penetrate into the 
crawlspace or wall cavity with appropriate fire-rated sealant to prevent 
movement of odors/particles from wall cavities and subfloor areas. Particular 
attention should be paid to room 6A. 
 Action: Not done. Many holes/breaches were observed at the time of the June 17, 
2014 visit including Room 6A. 
 Repair broken/unused plumbing fixtures or decommission them completely. 
 Action: Not done. Plumbing fixtures such as broken water fountains remain in 
place. 
 Ensure plants, trees and shrubs are located at least five feet away from exterior 
walls/foundation of the building. 
 Action: It was not determined to what extent this had been performed; some trees 
and shrubs were still located close to the outside of the building. 
 Repoint cracks and missing mortar on the outside of the building to prevent 
water infiltration. 
Appendix A, page 14

Appendix A 
 Action: It was not determined to what extent this had been performed as the outside 
of the building was not thoroughly examined during the June 17, 2014 visit. 
 Ensure indoor plants are equipped with drip pans. Examine drip pans 
periodically for mold growth and disinfect with an appropriate antimicrobial, as 
needed. Move plants away from the air stream of mechanical ventilation 
equipment. 
 Action: Only a few plants were observed during the June 17, 2014 visit. 
 Store cleaning products properly and out of reach of students. All cleaning 
products used at the facility should be approved by the school department with 
MSDS’ available at a central location. 
 Action: Cleaning products were accessible in unlocked storage cabinets in a number 
of rooms. 
 Refrain from using air fresheners and deodorizers to prevent exposure to VOCs. 
 Action: Not done. Air fresheners and deodorizers were observed in several 
classrooms during the July 17, 2014 visit. 
 Ensure that the dedicated exhaust ventilation is operating every time the kiln is 
in use and for a period of time afterward to remove heat, particulates and other 
pollutants. Consider replacing the wall-mounted exhaust with a hood fitted 
directly over the kilns. 
 Action: Kiln room remains with switched window exhaust. 
 Relocate or consider reducing the amount of materials stored in classrooms to 
allow for more thorough cleaning of classrooms. Clean items regularly with a 
wet cloth or sponge to prevent excessive dust build-up. 
Appendix A, page 15

Appendix A 
 Action: Not done. Many rooms still had large amounts of stored items in boxes and 
on surfaces. 
 Clean air diffusers, exhaust/return vents and personal fans periodically of 
accumulated dust. 
 Action: Not done. Univent cabinets were particularly full of dust/debris. Some fans 
and vents were dusty as well. 
 Clean chalk and dry-erase marker trays of accumulated dust and debris 
regularly using a damp cloth. 
 Action: Not done. Some trays contained accumulated dust and debris. 
 Consider replacing tennis balls with latex-free tennis balls or glides. 
 Action: Completed. Tennis balls were not observed on chair legs at the time of the 
June 17, 2014 visit. 
 Ensure local exhaust is operating in areas with photocopiers and lamination 
machines; if not feasible consider relocating to areas with local exhaust 
ventilation or install local exhaust ventilation in areas where this equipment is 
used to reduce excess heat and odors. 
 Action: Not done. Copiers were located in some areas without local exhaust 
ventilation. 
 Investigate function of marked-out device on ceiling of teachers’ lounge and 
repair or replace as needed. 
 Action: The device had been removed by the time of the June 17, 2014 visit. 
 Encapsulate exposed fiberglass insulation around univent pipes in classrooms. 
 Action: Not done. Some univents examined still had exposed fiberglass insulation 
within the cabinets. 
Appendix A, page 16

Appendix A 
 Ensure regular air testing for carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide is 
conducted and recorded in facility logbook as required by State Sanitary Code, 
Chapter XI, 105 CMR 675.000. 
 Action: BEH/IAQ staff did not inspect logbook or visit the ice rink area at the time 
of the June 17, 2014 assessment. 
Long-Term Recommendations: 
 Consult with an HVAC engineering firm for a plan to replace ventilation system 
components. Take into consideration the current and likely future uses of spaces 
to determine the placement of supply and exhaust ventilation to maximize 
airflow and removal of pollutants and odors, including dedicated exhaust 
ventilation in areas where copy machines, laminators, kilns, chemicals, and food 
preparation equipment are used. 
 Action: Unknown whether an HVAC engineering firm has been consulted. 
 Consult with an engineering firm to determine if all or portions of the roof 
should be replaced. 
 Action: Unknown whether this had been conducted. 
Appendix A, page 17